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Formation Mechanism of Thick Coal Seam in the Lower Indus Basin, SE Pakistan

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Abstract

The energy sector and coal scientists have been enthusiastic about characterizing and understanding the vertical and lateral depositional systems of thick coal seam. However, there are no detailed studies that provide well-connected insight into the regional depositional characteristics of the thick coal seam in the Lower Indus Basin, SE Pakistan. Therefore, field emission scanning electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray powder diffraction spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and coal facies were adopted to study major and subclassified maceral petrography and coal sequence stratigraphic characteristics; coal depositional models were then established. Preferential depositional systems were identified by low-stand system tracts, high-stand system tracts and transgressive system tracts and are likely to include shallow marine sequences that were propagated by slow to rapid regression. The high contents of telohuminite and detrohuminite indicate highly gelified and non-gelified tissue derived from angiosperms and herbaceous plants, which were the most prevalent. The qualitative analysis of the function group suggests peaks, hence stretching the region band adsorption intensity of the particle. Major identified features of Raman spectra with hidden peak intensities tend to include the oscillation of energy particles due to the carbon crystallinity and high reflectance of mineral surfaces. The extensive lateral depositional analytical models revealed that the thick coal seam was deposited in the upper delta during waterlogged/wet and dry cyclic conditions, which were the most prevalent in the mires. This continuation of wet–dry cyclic conditions moves quickly to humification and gelification. Environmental changes led to the accumulation and transformation of organic matter, which resulted in the formation of thick peat deposits.

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Acknowledgments

The author gratefully thanks Mama Jasmine Chakori for always supporting and encouraging me. The authors greatly thank the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, for providing the facilities to carry out this study. Special thanks go to Dr. John Carranza, Editor-in-Chief of Natural Resources Research and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments to improve the work. Author special thanks to Ms. Pirah Mangi. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41972179, 41690131), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFA028), and the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (No. B14031).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of XingFa Mining Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China

    Hassan Nasir Mangi, Ru′an Chi, Dongsheng He & Hongbo Wang

  2. Ministry of Energy, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Karachi, 75290, Sindh, Pakistan

    Hassan Nasir Mangi

  3. Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China

    Jun Zhao

  4. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China

    Detian Yan & Jing Li

  5. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People’s Republic of China

    Lara Sindhu

  6. Xi’an Center of China Geological Survey (Northwest China Center for Geoscience Innovation), Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Zixin He

  7. Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China

    Umar Ashraf

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Mangi, H.N., Chi, R., Zhao, J. et al. Formation Mechanism of Thick Coal Seam in the Lower Indus Basin, SE Pakistan. Nat Resour Res 32, 257–281 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-022-10145-5

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