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A Novel Spectral Index for Identifying Ferronickel (Fe–Ni) Laterites from Sentinel 2 Satellite Data

Natural Resources Research volume 31, pages 1203–1224 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Field geological mapping is the initial step of preliminary research in mining. However, in the last decades, the rapid progress of remote sensing data processing and its use for reconnaissance of geological outcrops for the purpose of locating possible mining sites gained increasing attention due to the significant time and cost savings. In this study, a new methodology, focused on mapping ferronickel (Fe–Ni) laterite deposits by using Sentinel-2 satellite data, is introduced. It describes a novel spectral index (called laterite spectral index (LSI)) that enhances laterite surface outcrops. To the best of our knowledge, LSI is the first spectral index tailored for this task, concerning minerals that are simultaneously rich in Fe and Ni. The LSI was applied on a continuum removed image by taking advantage of the spectral features present in two specific spectral areas of 490–560 nm and 842–945 nm. The entire methodology was tested and validated on four different excavation sites in eastern Central Greece based on known drillholes. In all excavation sites, the proposed LSI compared favorably with other relative spectral indices proposed in the literature for the detection of Fe-bearing minerals or Fe-oxides.

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Notes

  1. The logistic function \(f(x)\) takes values in the range \(\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)\), with \(f(x)\to 0\), as \(x\to -\infty\), \(f(x)\to 1\), as \(x\to +\infty\) and \(f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}\), for \(x=0\). Its graph is S-shaped within the above limits.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by LARCO GMMSA. We thank Dr. Athanasios Apostolikas (Head of Exploration GMM S.A. LARCO) and Mr. Christos Kotakis (Director of Ag. Ioannis Mine LARCO GMM S.A.) for their permission to use the company’s data.

Funding

No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Geology & Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784, Athens, GR, Greece

    A. Anifadi & E. Vassilakis

  2. LARCO GMMS.A., 27 Fragkokklisias Str. Maroussi, 15125, Athens, GR, Greece

    A. Anifadi

  3. Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications & Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Vas. Pavlou & I. Metaxa, 15236, Penteli, GR, Greece

    O. Sykioti & K. Koutroumbas

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  1. A. Anifadi
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  2. O. Sykioti
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Correspondence to A. Anifadi.

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Anifadi, A., Sykioti, O., Koutroumbas, K. et al. A Novel Spectral Index for Identifying Ferronickel (Fe–Ni) Laterites from Sentinel 2 Satellite Data. Nat Resour Res 31, 1203–1224 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-022-10055-6

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Keywords

  • Fe−Ni laterite
  • Spectral index
  • Spectral signature
  • Sentinel 2
  • Remote sensing