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General justification in terms of effectiveness and toxicities for the use of nanocarriers

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Abstract

This review highlights the potential benefits and drawbacks of using nanocarriers as drug delivery systems. Nanocarriers have been widely utilized to enhance drug efficiency, overcome drug resistance, and reduce adverse effects. However, the interaction between nanocarriers and biological systems can lead to toxic responses. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully select optimized nanocarriers to minimize toxicity and maximize efficiency. Every type of nanocarrier has its own advantages and disadvantages. Hybrid nanocarriers have been engineered to address the limitations of existing nanocarriers and are considered more suitable for developing new formulations. The article discusses various aspects of nanocarriers, including their applicability, potential toxicity, and strategies for utilizing appropriate nanocarriers in nanoformulations. To mitigate the toxicity of nanocarriers, several approaches can be employed, such as PEGylation, coating, charge coating, and injections of free PEG; moreover, by modifying the preparation method or utilizing hybrid nanocarriers, the efficiency of drug delivery systems can be improved. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate nanocarriers and employing strategies to reduce toxicity while enhancing drug delivery efficiency.

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Abbreviations

PLA:

Poly-(lactic acid)

PLGA:

Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

NP:

Nanoparticle

SLNs:

Solid lipid nanoparticle

NLCs:

Nanostructured lipid carriers

FDA:

Food and drug administration

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

RBC:

Red blood cells

DOPC:

1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

SM:

Sphingomyelin

DOPS:

1,2-Dioleoyl-snglycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS)

DOPE:

1,2-Dioleoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamin

TPGS:

D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate

DLPC:

1,2-Dilauroylphosphatidylcholine

EE%:

Encapsulation efficiency

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

CF:

Carboxyfluorescein

PC:

Soya phosphatidylcholine

DPPC:

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

5FU:

5-Fluorouracil

DOPG:

Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol

ABC:

Accelerated blood clearance

PEI:

Polyethylene imines

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TEMPO:

,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl

ACE2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Somayeh Handali

  2. Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Rezaei

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  1. Somayeh Handali
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  2. Mohsen Rezaei
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Correspondence to Mohsen Rezaei.

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Handali, S., Rezaei, M. General justification in terms of effectiveness and toxicities for the use of nanocarriers. J Nanopart Res 25, 181 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05826-y

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