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A nanotherapeutic approach for fighting the odds against the malignant disorders

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Abstract

Cancer, a combination of haematological and neoplastic malignancies, is a dreadful disease accounting for major fatalities worldwide. The domain of innovative nanoparticle-based technology has revolutionized the field of cancer therapeutics and imaging. With an emphasis on various nano-immunotherapeutic approaches, this study highlights the most recent developments in nano-immune engineering for metastatic tumours. Nanotechnology-based cancer immunotherapy has powered the (i) activation of T-cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), (ii) preparation of efficient nanovaccines via nano-carriers and (iii) generation of smart nanomaterials which change their size/shape (size range of 1 to 1000 nm) and functionality upon activation in TME. The tumour microenvironment has an important, albeit contentious, role in controlling nanoparticle (NP) dispersion and subsequent biological consequences. The current study promotes the harnessing of potential peripheral immune cells by avoiding the creation of a pre-metastatic niche and, thus, suppressing tumour recurrence. This review descriptively accounts for a wide array of nanomaterials based on their polymeric constituents. Moreover, the current article explores the obstacles of integrating nanoscale immunomodulators and presents a forward-looking view of the novel nanotechnology-based approaches that may eventually prove helpful in eliminating metastatic illnesses.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ALL:

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

CAR:

Chimeric antigen receptor

BsAbs:

Bispecific antibodies

MAbs:

Monospecific monoclonal antibodies

TME:

Tumour microenvironment

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

BM:

Basement membrane

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention effect

AML:

Acute myeloid leukaemia

PRR:

Pathogenic recognition receptor

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

MPS:

Mononuclear phagocyte system

INP:

Inorganic nanoparticle

MNP:

Magnetic nanoparticle

QD:

Quantum dots

CNP:

Carbon-based nanoparticle

PTT:

Photothermal therapy

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

SWNT:

Single-walled nanotube

MWNT:

Multi-walled nanotube

PS:

Photosensitizers

PNP:

Polymeric nanoparticles

LNP:

Lipid-based nanoparticles

LBDD:

Lipid-based drug delivery

SLN:

Solid lipid nanoparticle

NLC:

Nanostructured lipid carrier

TAA:

Tumour-associated antigens

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptor

DC:

Dendritic cell

MPI:

Magnetic particle imaging

TAM:

Tumour-associated macrophages

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), New Delhi, 110078, India

    Samvedna Saini, Pranjal Dagar, Sakshi Gupta & Yatender Kumar

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SS, SG and PD conceptualized the review article. SG and PD collected and prepared the data for the table. SS, SG and PD prepared the figures. SS, PD and SG wrote the manuscript. SS, PD and SG compiled the manuscript. YK guided, reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Saini, S., Dagar, P., Gupta, S. et al. A nanotherapeutic approach for fighting the odds against the malignant disorders. J Nanopart Res 25, 116 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05754-x

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