Abstract
Crystalline graphitic nanopetals (GPs), containing a few layers of graphene that grow roughly perpendicularly to a substrate, have attracted much attention in energy storage and sensing applications because of the unique advantages such as large surface area, ultrasharp and exposed edges, fast electron transfer kinetics, and outstanding mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. GPs can be deposited on various substrates using a wide range of precursors (e.g., solids, liquids, or gases) by a catalyst-free plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. This review provides insights into the growth mechanisms of GPs and their unique properties, and summarizes the latest development of GP-based functional devices for many applications such as electrochemical energy storage and biosensing. Finally, challenges and perspectives for future work are also discussed in this article to fully exploit the potential of the unique graphene material. This review will encourage the applications of GPs in diverse fields and inspire new studies on the exploration of other unique two-dimensional nanostructures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbar K, Kim JH, Lee Z, Kim M, Yi Y, Chun S-H (2017) Superaerophobic graphene nano-hills for direct hydrazine fuel cells. NPG Asia Materials 9:e378–e378. https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2017.55
Allen MJ, Tung VC, Kaner RB (2010) Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene. Chem Rev 110:132–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900070d
Ando Y, Zhao X, Ohkohchi M (1997) Production of petal-like graphite sheets by hydrogen arc discharge. Carbon 35:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00139-X
Armand M, Tarascon JM (2008) Building better batteries. Nature 451:652–657. https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a
Balandin AA (2011) Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat Mater 10:569–581. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3064
Banks CE, Crossley A, Salter C, Wilkins SJ, Compton RG (2006) Carbon nanotubes contain metal impurities which are responsible for the “electrocatalysis” seen at some nanotube-modified electrodes. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:2533–2537. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200600033
Bellunato A, Arjmandi Tash H, Cesa Y, Schneider GF (2016) Chemistry at the edge of graphene. ChemPhysChem 17:785–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201500926
Bhuvana T, Kumar A, Sood A, Gerzeski RH, Hu J, Bhadram VS, Narayana C, Fisher TS (2010) Contiguous petal-like carbon nanosheet outgrowths from graphite fibers by plasma CVD. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:644–648. https://doi.org/10.1021/am9009154
Bianco A et al (2013) All in the graphene family – a recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon 65:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.038
Bo Z, Mao S, Jun Han Z, Cen K, Chen J, Ostrikov K (2015) Emerging energy and environmental applications of vertically-oriented graphenes. Chem Soc Rev 44:2108–2121. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00352G
Bo Z, Wen Z, Kim H, Lu G, Yu K, Chen J (2012) One-step fabrication and capacitive behavior of electrochemical double layer capacitor electrodes using vertically-oriented graphene directly grown on metal. Carbon 50:4379–4387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.014
Bolotin KI et al (2008) Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun 146:351–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
Brites CDS, Lima PP, Silva NJO, Millán A, Amaral VS, Palacio F, Carlos LD (2012) Thermometry at the nanoscale. Nanoscale 4:4799–4829. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2NR30663H
Chang H-C, Chang H-Y, Su W-J, Lee K-Y, Shih W-C (2012) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of NiO nanostructure-carbon nanowall composites grown on carbon cloth. Appl Surf Sci 258:8599–8602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.05.057
Cho HJ, Kondo H, Ishikawa K, Sekine M, Hiramatsu M, Hori M (2014) Density control of carbon nanowalls grown by CH4/H2 plasma and their electrical properties. Carbon 68:380–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.11.014
Choi JW, Aurbach D (2016) Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat Rev Mater 1:16013. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.13
Chou H-H, Nguyen A, Chortos A, To JW, Lu C, Mei J, Kurosawa T, Bae WG, Tok JB, Bao Z (2015) A chameleon-inspired stretchable electronic skin with interactive colour changing controlled by tactile sensing. Nat Commun 6:8011. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9011
Chou S-L, Wang J-Z, Chew S-Y, Liu H-K, Dou S-X (2008) Electrodeposition of MnO2 nanowires on carbon nanotube paper as free-standing, flexible electrode for supercapacitors. Electrochem Commun 10:1724–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.051
Claussen JC, Kumar A, Jaroch DB, Khawaja MH, Hibbard AB, Porterfield DM, Fisher TS (2012) Nanostructuring platinum nanoparticles on multilayered graphene petal nanosheets for electrochemical biosensing. Adv Funct Mater 22:3399–3405. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200551
Conway BE (1999) Electrochemical supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals and technological applications. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3058-6
Cui S, Guo X, Ren R, Zhou G, Chen J (2015) Decoration of vertical graphene with aerosol nanoparticles for gas sensing. J Phys D Appl Phys 48:314008. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/31/314008
Davami K et al (2014) Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanowalls on different substrates by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon 72:372–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.025
Deheryan SJ, Cott D, Mertens W, P, Heyns MM, Vereecken P (2014) Direct correlation between the measured electrochemical capacitance, wettability and surface functional groups of carbon nanosheets (CNS). Electrochim Acta 132:574–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.148
Deng C et al (2019) Ultrasensitive and highly stretchable multifunctional strain sensors with timbre-recognition ability based on vertical graphene. Adv Funct Mater 29:1907151. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907151
Di Bartolomeo A et al (2009) Multiwalled carbon nanotube films as small-sized temperature sensors. J Appl Phys 105:064518. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3093680
Gao D, Li M, Li H, Li C, Zhu N, Yang B (2017) Sensitive detection of biomolecules and DNA bases based on graphene nanosheets. J Solid State Electrochem 21:813–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3423-0
Ghosh S, Gupta B, Ganesan K, Das A, Kamruddin M, Dash S, Tyagi AK (2016) MnO2-vertical graphene nanosheets composite electrodes for energy storage devices. Materials Today: Proceedings 3:1686–1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.04.060
Ghosh S, Sahoo G, Polaki SR, Krishna NG, Kamruddin M, Mathews T (2017) Enhanced supercapacitance of activated vertical graphene nanosheets in hybrid electrolyte. J Appl Phys 122:214902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5002748
Gong B, Yang H, Wu S, Xiong G, Yan J, Cen K, Bo Z, Ostrikov K (2019) Graphene array-based anti-fouling solar vapour gap membrane distillation with high energy efficiency. Nano-Micro Letters 11:51–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0281-1
González Z, Vizireanu S, Dinescu G, Blanco C, Santamaría R (2012) Carbon nanowalls thin films as nanostructured electrode materials in vanadium redox flow batteries. Nano Energy 1:833–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.003
Griffiths K, Dale C, Hedley J, Kowal MD, Kaner RB, Keegan N (2014) Laser-scribed graphene presents an opportunity to print a new generation of disposable electrochemical sensors. Nanoscale 6:13613–13622. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR04221B
Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z (2013) 25th anniversary article: the evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. Adv Mater 25:5997–6038. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302240
Hassan S, Suzuki M, Mori S, El-Moneim AA (2014) MnO2/carbon nanowall electrode for future energy storage application: effect of carbon nanowall growth period and MnO2 mass loading. RSC Adv 4:20479–20488. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01132E
He Y, Chen W, Li X, Zhang Z, Fu J, Zhao C, Xie E (2013) Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Nano 7:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn304833s
Höltig M, Ruhmlieb C, Kipp T, Mews A (2016) Highly efficient fuel cell electrodes from few-layer graphene sheets and electrochemically deposited palladium nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 120:7476–7481. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12495
Hong SY et al (2016) Stretchable active matrix temperature sensor array of polyaniline nanofibers for electronic skin. Adv Mater 28:930–935. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504659
Hsu H-C et al (2012) Stand-up structure of graphene-like carbon nanowalls on CNT directly grown on polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber paper as supercapacitor. Diam Relat Mater 25:176–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2012.02.020
Huang S, He G, Yang C, Wu J, Guo C, Hang T, Li B, Yang C, Liu D, Chen HJ, Wu Q, Gui X, Deng S, Zhang Y, Liu F, Xie X (2019) Stretchable strain vector sensor based on parallelly aligned vertical graphene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b18210
Kobayashi Y, Fukui K-i, Enoki T, Kusakabe K, Kaburagi Y (2005) Observation of zigzag and armchair edges of graphite using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 71:193406. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.193406
Kong D, Wang H, Cha JJ, Pasta M, Koski KJ, Yao J, Cui Y (2013) Synthesis of MoS2 and MoSe2 films with vertically aligned layers. Nano Lett 13:1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl400258t
Kong J et al (2019) Well-aligned hierarchical graphene-based electrodes for pseudocapacitors with outstanding low-temperature stability. ChemElectroChem 6:2788–2795. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900601
Krishnan SK, Singh E, Singh P, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS (2019) A review on graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors. RSC Adv 9:8778–8881. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA09577A
Kumar A, Voevodin AA, Zemlyanov D, Zakharov DN, Fisher TS (2012) Rapid synthesis of few-layer graphene over cu foil. Carbon 50:1546–1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.033
Kumar Roy P, Ganguly A, Yang WH, Wu CT, Hwang JS, Tai Y, Chen KH, Chen LC, Chattopadhyay S (2015) Edge promoted ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of organic bio-molecules on epitaxial graphene nanowalls. Biosens Bioelectron 70:137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.027
Kuo JTW, Yu L, Meng E (2012) Micromachined thermal flow sensors—a review micromachines 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi3030550
Lalia BS, Alkaabi M, Hashaikeh R (2015) Sulfated cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol composites as proton conducting electrolyte for capacitors. Energy Procedia 75:1869–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.167
Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321:385–388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996
Levchenko I, Ostrikov K, Rider AE, Tam E, Vladimirov SV, Xu S (2007) Growth kinetics of carbon nanowall-like structures in low-temperature plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 14:063502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2744353
Li W, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Bian H, Ng T-W, Zhang W, Lee C-S (2016) Graphene-nanowall-decorated carbon felt with excellent electrochemical activity toward VO2+/VO2+ couple for all vanadium redox flow battery. Advanced Science 3:1500276. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500276
Liu C, Yu Z, Neff D, Zhamu A, Jang BZ (2010) Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density. Nano Lett 10:4863–4868. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102661q
Malesevic A, Vitchev R, Schouteden K, Volodin A, Zhang L, Tendeloo GV, Vanhulsel A, Haesendonck CV (2008) Synthesis of few-layer graphene via microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Nanotechnology 19:305604. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/30/305604
Mao S, Wen Z, Ci S, Guo X, Ostrikov K, Chen J (2015) Perpendicularly oriented MoSe2/graphene nanosheets as advanced electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Small 11:414–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201401598
Mao S, Yu K, Chang J, Steeber DA, Ocola LE, Chen J (2013) Direct growth of vertically-oriented graphene for field-effect transistor biosensor. Sci Rep 3:1696. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01696
Miller JR, Outlaw RA, Holloway BC (2010) Graphene double-layer capacitor with ac line-filtering performance. Science 329:1637–1639. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194372
Miller JR, Simon P (2008) Electrochemical capacitors for energy management. Science 321:651–652. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158736
Morales-Narváez E, Baptista-Pires L, Zamora-Gálvez A, Merkoçi A (2017) Graphene-based biosensors: going simple. Adv Mater 29:1604905. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604905
Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, Novoselov KS, Booth TJ, Stauber T, Peres NM, Geim AK (2008) Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320:1308. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965
Novoselov KS, Fal’ko VI, Colombo L, Gellert PR, Schwab MG, Kim K (2012) A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11458
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
Ostrikov K, Neyts EC, Meyyappan M (2013) Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids. Adv Phys 62:113–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.808047
Ouyang B, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Fan HJ, Rawat RS (2016) Green synthesis of vertical graphene nanosheets and their application in high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 6:23968–23973. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA27084G
Podlovchenko BI, Krivchenko VA, Maksimov YM, Gladysheva TD, Yashina LV, Evlashin SA, Pilevsky AA (2012) Specific features of the formation of Pt(Cu) catalysts by galvanic displacement with carbon nanowalls used as support. Electrochim Acta 76:137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.124
Ponce de León C, Frías-Ferrer A, González-García J, Szánto DA, Walsh FC (2006) Redox flow cells for energy conversion. J Power Sources 160:716–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.095
Pumera M (2011) Graphene-based nanomaterials for energy storage. Energy Environ Sci 4:668–674. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00295J
Raccichini R, Varzi A, Passerini S, Scrosati B (2015) The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Nat Mater 14:271–279. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4170
Rodrigo D, Limaj O, Janner D, Etezadi D, García de Abajo FJ, Pruneri V, Altug H (2015) Mid-infrared plasmonic biosensing with graphene. Science 349:165–168. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2051
Sahoo G, Ghosh S, Polaki SR, Mathews T, Kamruddin M (2017) Scalable transfer of vertical graphene nanosheets for flexible supercapacitor applications. Nanotechnology 28:415702. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa8252
Sahoo G, Polaki SR, Ghosh S, Krishna NG, Kamruddin M (2018a) Temporal-stability of plasma functionalized vertical graphene electrodes for charge storage. J Power Sources 401:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.071
Sahoo G, Polaki SR, Ghosh S, Krishna NG, Kamruddin M, Ostrikov K (2018b) Plasma-tuneable oxygen functionalization of vertical graphenes enhance electrochemical capacitor performance. Energy Storage Materials 14:297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.05.011
Salehi-Khojin A, Estrada D, Lin KY, Bae M-H, Xiong F, Pop E, Masel RI (2012) Polycrystalline graphene ribbons as chemiresistors. Adv Mater 24:53–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201102663
Seo DH, Han ZJ, Kumar S, Ostrikov K (2013a) Structure-controlled, vertical graphene-based, binder-free electrodes from plasma-reformed butter enhance supercapacitor performance. Adv Energy Mater 3:1316–1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300431
Seo DH, Pineda S, Yick S, Bell J, Han ZJ, Ostrikov K (2015) Plasma-enabled sustainable elemental lifecycles: honeycomb-derived graphenes for next-generation biosensors and supercapacitors. Green Chem 17:2164–2171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02135E
Seo DH, Rider AE, Kumar S, Randeniya LK, Ostrikov K (2013b) Vertical graphene gas- and bio-sensors via catalyst-free, reactive plasma reforming of natural honey. Carbon 60:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.015
Shang N et al (2012) Vertical graphene nanoflakes for the immobilization, electrocatalytic oxidation and quantitative detection of DNA. Electrochem Commun 25:140–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.036
Shang NG et al (2008) Catalyst-free efficient growth, orientation and biosensing properties of multilayer graphene nanoflake films with sharp edge planes. Adv Funct Mater 18:3506–3514. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800951
Shao Y, Wang J, Wu H, Liu J, Aksay IA, Lin Y (2010) Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 22:1027–1036. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200900571
Shi L, Pang C, Chen S, Wang M, Wang K, Tan Z, Gao P, Ren J, Huang Y, Peng H, Liu Z (2017) Vertical graphene growth on SiO microparticles for stable lithium ion battery anodes. Nano Lett 17:3681–3687. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00906
Shuai X, Bo Z, Kong J, Yan J, Cen K (2017) Wettability of vertically-oriented graphenes with different intersheet distances. RSC Adv 7:2667–2675. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27428E
Slobodian P et al (2015) High sensitivity of a carbon nanowall-based sensor for detection of organic vapours. RSC Adv 5:90515–90520. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA12000D
Su X et al (2014) Silicon-based nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries: a review. Adv Energy Mater 4:1300882. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300882
Suvarnaphaet P, Pechprasarn S (2017) Graphene-based materials for biosensors: a review Sensors 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102161
Tarascon JM, Armand M (2010) Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. In: Materials for sustainable energy. Co-Published with Macmillan Publishers Ltd, UK, pp 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814317665_0024
Terse-Thakoor T, Badhulika S, Mulchandani A (2017) Graphene based biosensors for healthcare. J Mater Res 32:2905–2929. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.175
Tian Y et al (2019) Beyond lotus: plasma nanostructuring enables efficient energy and water conversion and use. Nano Energy 66:104125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104125
Tiwari JN, Vij V, Kemp KC, Kim KS (2016) Engineered carbon-nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules. ACS Nano 10:46–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b05690
Tzeng Y, Chen C-L, Chen Y-Y, Liu C-Y (2010) Carbon nanowalls on graphite for cold cathode applications. Diam Relat Mater 19:201–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2009.08.005
Tzouvadaki I, Aliakbarinodehi N, Dávila Pineda D, De Micheli G, Carrara S (2018) Graphene nanowalls for high-performance chemotherapeutic drug sensing and anti-fouling properties. Sensors Actuators B Chem 262:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.02.036
Vizireanu S, Dinescu G, Nistor LC, Baibarac M, Ruxanda G, Stancu M, Ciuparu D (2013) Stability of carbon nanowalls against chemical attack with acid solutions. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 47:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2012.09.027
Vizireanu S, Ionita MD, Dinescu G, Enculescu I, Baibarac M, Baltog I (2012) Post-synthesis carbon nanowalls transformation under hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, tetrafluoroethane and sulfur hexafluoride plasma treatments. Plasma Process Polym 9:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201100153
Wang B, Facchetti A (2019) Mechanically flexible conductors for stretchable and wearable e-skin and e-textile devices. Adv Mater 31:1901408. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901408
Wang C, Luo F, Lu H, Liu B, Chu G, Quan B, Li J, Gu C, Li H, Chen L (2017) Side-by-side observation of the interfacial improvement of vertical graphene-coated silicon nanocone anodes for lithium-ion batteries by patterning technology. Nanoscale 9:17241–17247. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR04041E
Wang Y, Chen B, Seo DH, Han ZJ, Wong JI, Ostrikov K(K), Zhang H, Yang HY (2016) MoS2-coated vertical graphene nanosheet for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen production. NPG Asia Materials 8:e268–e268. https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2016.44
Webb RC, Bonifas AP, Behnaz A, Zhang Y, Yu KJ, Cheng H, Shi M, Bian Z, Liu Z, Kim YS, Yeo WH, Park JS, Song J, Li Y, Huang Y, Gorbach AM, Rogers JA (2013) Ultrathin conformal devices for precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin. Nat Mater 12:938–944. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3755
Wu S et al (2019a) Solar energy conversion: multifunctional solar waterways: plasma-enabled self-cleaning nanoarchitectures for energy-efficient desalination. Adv Energy Mater 9:1970119. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201970119
Wu S et al (2019b) Scalable production of integrated graphene nanoarchitectures for ultrafast solar-thermal conversion and vapor generation. Matter 1:1017–1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.06.010
Wu S, Yang H, Xiong G, Tian Y, Gong B, Luo T, Fisher TS, Yan J, Cen K, Bo Z, Ostrikov KK (2019c) Spill-SOS: self-pumping siphon-capillary oil recovery. ACS Nano 13:13027–13036. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05703
Wu Y, Qiao P, Chong T, Shen Z (2002) Carbon nanowalls grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Adv Mater 14:64–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020104)14:1<64::AID-ADMA64>3.0.CO;2-G
Xiong G, He P, Liu L, Chen T, Fisher TS (2015a) Plasma-grown graphene petals templating Ni–Co–Mn hydroxide nanoneedles for high-rate and long-cycle-life pseudocapacitive electrodes. J Mater Chem A 3:22940–22948. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA05441A
Xiong G, He P, Liu L, Chen T, Fisher TS (2015b) Synthesis of porous Ni–Co–Mn oxide nanoneedles and the temperature dependence of their pseudocapacitive behavior 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2015.00039
Xiong G, He P, Lyu Z, Chen T, Huang B, Chen L, Fisher TS (2018) Bioinspired leaves-on-branchlet hybrid carbon nanostructure for supercapacitors. Nat Commun 9:790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03112-3
Xiong G, He P, Wang D, Zhang Q, Chen T, Fisher TS (2016) Hierarchical Ni–Co hydroxide petals on mechanically robust graphene petal foam for high-energy asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv Funct Mater 26:5460–5470. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600879
Xiong G, Hembram KPSS, Reifenberger RG, Fisher TS (2013) MnO2-coated graphitic petals for supercapacitor electrodes. J Power Sources 227:254–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.040
Xiong G, Hembram KPSS, Zakharov DN, Reifenberger RG, Fisher TS (2012) Controlled thin graphitic petal growth on oxidized silicon. Diam Relat Mater 27-28:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2012.05.002
Xiong G, Kundu A, Fisher TS (2015c) Thermal effects in supercapacitors. Springer International Publishing, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20242-6
Xiong G, Meng C, Reifenberger RG, Irazoqui PP, Fisher TS (2014a) Graphitic petal electrodes for all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors. Adv Energy Mater 4:1300515. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300515
Xiong G, Meng C, Reifenberger RG, Irazoqui PP, Fisher TS (2014b) Graphitic petal micro-supercapacitor electrodes for ultra-high power density. Energy Technology 2:897–905. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201402055
Xiong G, Meng C, Reifenberger RG, Irazoqui PP, Fisher TS (2014c) A review of graphene-based electrochemical microsupercapacitors. Electroanalysis 26:30–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201300238
Yang J et al (2015) Wearable temperature sensor based on graphene nanowalls. RSC Adv 5:25609–25615. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA00871A
Yang W, Ratinac KR, Ringer SP, Thordarson P, Gooding JJ, Braet F (2010) Carbon nanomaterials in biosensors: should you use nanotubes or graphene? Angew Chem Int Ed 49:2114–2138. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903463
Yoon Y, Lee K, Kwon S, Seo S, Yoo H, Kim S, Shin Y, Park Y, Kim D, Choi JY, Lee H (2014) Vertical alignments of graphene sheets spatially and densely piled for fast ion diffusion in compact supercapacitors. ACS Nano 8:4580–4590. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500150j
Yu EH, Wang X, Krewer U, Li L, Scott K (2012) Direct oxidation alkaline fuel cells: from materials to systems. Energy Environ Sci 5:5668–5680. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE02552C
Yu K, Bo Z, Lu G, Mao S, Cui S, Zhu Y, Chen X, Ruoff RS, Chen J (2011a) Growth of carbon nanowalls at atmospheric pressure for one-step gas sensor fabrication. Nanoscale Res Lett 6:202. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-202
Yu K, Wang P, Lu G, Chen K-H, Bo Z, Chen J (2011b) Patterning vertically oriented graphene sheets for nanodevice applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2:537–542. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz200087w
Zhai Z, Leng B, Yang N, Yang B, Liu L, Huang N, Jiang X (2019) Rational construction of 3D-networked carbon nanowalls/diamond supporting CuO architecture for high-performance electrochemical biosensors. Small 15:1901527. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901527
Zhang C, Hu J, Wang X, Zhang X, Toyoda H, Nagatsu M, Meng Y (2012) High performance of carbon nanowall supported Pt catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. Carbon 50:3731–3738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.03.047
Zhang C, Wang Y, Huang L, Wu Y (2010) Electrical transport study of magnetomechanical nanocontact in ultrahigh vacuum using carbon nanowalls. Appl Phys Lett 97:062102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3478239
Zhang H, Ren W, Guan C, Cheng C (2017a) Pt decorated 3D vertical graphene nanosheet arrays for efficient methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. J Mater Chem A 5:22004–22011. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA07340B
Zhang P, Li J, Lv L, Zhao Y, Qu L (2017b) Vertically aligned graphene sheets membrane for highly efficient solar thermal generation of clean water. ACS Nano 11:5087–5093. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b01965
Zhang Z, Lee C-S, Zhang W (2017c) Vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays: synthesis, properties and applications in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Adv Energy Mater 7:1700678. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700678
Zhao J, Shaygan M, Eckert J, Meyyappan M, Rümmeli MH (2014) A growth mechanism for free-standing vertical graphene. Nano Lett 14:3064–3071. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501039c
Zhao J, Sun M, Liu Z, Quan B, Gu C, Li J (2015) Three dimensional hybrids of vertical graphene-nanosheet sandwiched by Ag-nanoparticles for enhanced surface selectively catalytic reactions. Sci Rep 5:16019. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16019
Zhao X, Tian H, Zhu M, Tian K, Wang JJ, Kang F, Outlaw RA (2009) Carbon nanosheets as the electrode material in supercapacitors. J Power Sources 194:1208–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.004
Zhou H-T, Yu N, Zou F, Yao Z-H, Gao G, Shen C-M (2016) Controllable preparation of vertically standing graphene sheets and their wettability and supercapacitive properties. Chinese Physics B 25(096106). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/25/9/096106
Zhu M et al (2007) A mechanism for carbon nanosheet formation. Carbon 45:2229–2234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.06.017
Zhu MY, Outlaw RA, Bagge-Hansen M, Chen HJ, Manos DM (2011) Enhanced field emission of vertically oriented carbon nanosheets synthesized by C2H2/H2 plasma enhanced CVD. Carbon 49:2526–2531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.024
Funding
This study was financially supported by the University of Nevada, Reno, startup fund, the ACS PRF (DNI-60563), and the National Science Foundation (Grant No. CMMI-1923033).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
This article is part of the topical collection: Nanoparticles in Biotechnology and Medicine, Xiaoshan (Sean) Zhu, University of Nevada, Guest Editor
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, S., Wu, S. & Xiong, G. Graphitic nanopetals and their applications in electrochemical energy storage and biosensing. J Nanopart Res 22, 97 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04819-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04819-5