Abstract
Asymmetric capacitor based on TiO2 with the size range from 90 to 410 nm and mesoporous MnO2 (ca. 200–380 nm) electrodes has been successfully constructed and characterized in LiClO4 aqueous electrolyte. The samples of both metal oxides were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption-desorption, and so on. The electrochemical capacitive performances of both electrode materials were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge in 1 mol/L LiClO4 with a working voltage of 2.0 V. The discharge profile of the asymmetric capacitor exhibited an excellent capacitive behavior and good cycling stability after 2000 cycles. Moreover, the TiO2//MnO2 asymmetric capacitor possesses both higher energy density and power density (7.7 Wh/kg, 762.5 W/kg) than that of Maxsorb//Maxsorb symmetrical capacitor (7.0 Wh/kg, 400.0 W/kg).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amitha FE, Reddy ALM, Ramaprabhu S (2009) A non-aqueous electrolyte-based asymmetric supercapacitor with polymer and metal oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube electrodes. J Power Sources 11:725–729
Arico AS, Bruce P, Scrosati B, Tarascon JM, Van Schalkwijk W (2005) Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. Nat Mater 4:366–377
Brezesinski T, Wang J, Polleux J, Dunn B, Tolbert SH (2009) Templated nanocrystal-based porous TiO2 films for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. J Am Chem Soc 131:1802–1809
Brousse T, Taberna PL, Crosnier O, Dugas R, Guillemet P, Scudeller Y, Zhou Y, Favier F, Belanger D, Simon P (2007) Long-term cycling behavior of asymmetric activated carbon/MnO2 aqueous electrochemical supercapacitor. J Power Sources 173:633–641
Du JM, Zhang JS, Kang DJ (2011) Controlled synthesis of anatase TiO2 nano-octahedra and nanospheres: shape-dependent effects on the optical and electrochemical properties. CrystEngComm 13:4270–4275
Fabregat-Santiago F, Randriamahazaka H, Zaban A, Garcia-Canadas J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2006) Chemical capacitance of nanoporous-nanocrystalline TiO2 in a room temperature ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:1827–1833
Fang Y, Luo B, Jia YY, Li XL, Wang B, Song Q, Kang FY, Zhi LJ (2012) Renewing functionalized graphene as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv Mater 24:6348–6355
Fu SD, Ni JF, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Li L (2016) Hydrogenation driven conductive Na2Ti3O7 nanoarrays as robust binder-free anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Lett 16:4544–4551
Gu JM, Liu X, Wang Z, Bian Z, Jin C, Sun X, Yin B, Wu T, Wang L, Tang S, Wang H, Gao FM (2017a) Controllable synthesis of nickel bicarbonate nanocrystals with high homogeneity for high-performance supercapacitor. Nanotechnology 28:345401
Gu JM, Fan XY, Liu X, Li SH, Wang Z, Tang SF, Yuan DL (2017b) Mesoporous manganese oxide with large specific surface area for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor with enhanced cycling stability. Chem Eng J 324:35–43
Guo XL, Kuang M, Li F, Liu XY, Zhang YX, Dong F, Losic D (2016) Engineering of three dimensional (3-D) Diatom@TiO2@MnO2 composites with enhanced supercapacitor performance. Electrochim Acta 190:159–167
Hao L, Luo B, Li XL, Jin MH, Fang Y, Tang ZH, Jia YY, Liang MH, Thomas A, Yang JH, Zhi LJ (2012) Terephthalonitrile-derived nitrogen-rich networks for high performance supercapacitors. Energy Environ Sci 5:9747–9751
Hao L, Ning J, Luo B, Wang B, Zhang YB, Tang ZH, Yang JH, Thomas A, Zhi LJ (2015) Structural evolution of 2d microporous covalent triazine-based framework toward the study of high-performance supercapacitors. J Am Chem Soc 137:219–225
Jin WH, Cao GT, Sun JY (2008) Hybrid supercapacitor based on MnO2 and columned FeOOH using Li2SO4 electrolyte solution. J Power Sources 175:686–691
Kan K, Wang L, Yu P, Zhou W, Wang RH, Lin YF, Shi KY, Fu HG (2016) 3d interlayer nanohybrids composed of sulfamic-acid-doped pedot grown on expanded graphite for high-performance supercapacitors. ChemPlusChem 81:242–250
Kang ZH, Wang EB, Mao BD, Su ZM, Lei G, Lian SY, Lin X (2005) Controllable fabrication of carbon nanotube and nanobelt with a polyoxometalate-assisted mild hydrothermal process. J Am Chem Soc 127:6534–6535
Khomenko V, Raymundo-Pinero E, Beguin F (2006) Optimisation of an asymmetric manganese oxide/activated carbon capacitor working at 2 V in aqueous medium. J Power Sources 153:183–190
Kötz R, Carlen M (2000) Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochim Acta 45:2483–2498
Liu HB, Tian YH, Amal R, Wang DW (2016) An integrated nanocarbon-cellulose membrane for solid-state supercapacitors. Sci Bull 61:368–377
Lu XH, Wang GM, Zhai T, Yu MH, Gan JY, Tong YX, Li Y (2012) Hydrogenated TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitors. Nano Lett 12:1690–1696
Lu XH, Yu MH, Wang GM, Zhai T, Xie SL, Ling YC, Tong YX, Li Y (2013) H-TiO2@ MnO2//H-TiO2@C core-shell nanowires for high performance and flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv Mater 25:267–272
Ma FX, Yu L, Xu CY, Lou XW (2016) Self-supported formation of hierarchical NiCo2O4 tetragonal microtubes with enhanced electrochemical properties. Energy Environ Sci 9:862–866
Masuda Y, Kato K (2008) Nanocrystal assembled TiO2 particles prepared from aqueous solution. Cryst Growth Des 8:3213–3218
Moon GD, Joo JB, Dahl M, Jung H, Yin YD (2014) Nitridation and layered assembly of hollow TiO2 shells for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Funct Mater 24:848–856
Nelson BP, Candal R, Corn RM, Anderson MA (2000) Control of surface and Ζ potentials on nanoporous TiO2 films by potential-determining and specifically adsorbed ions. Langmuir 16:6094–6101
Ni JF, Li Y (2016) Carbon nanomaterials in different dimensions for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 6:1600278
Ni JF, Huang YY, Gao LJ (2013) A high-performance hard carbon for li-ion batteries and supercapacitors application. J Power Sources 223:306–311
Ni JF, Zhao Y, Liu TT, Zheng HH, Gao LJ, Yan CL, Li L (2014) Strongly coupled Bi2S3@CNT hybrids for robust lithium storage. Adv Energy Mater 4(16):1400798
Ni JF, Zhang L, Fu SD, Savilov SV, Aldoshin SM, Lu L (2015) A review on integrating nano-carbons into polyanion phosphates and silicates for rechargeable lithium batteries. Carbon 92:15–25
Ni JF, Fu SD, Wu C, Maier J, Yu Y, Li L (2016) Self-supported nanotube arrays of sulfur-doped TiO2 enabling ultrastable and robust sodium storage. Adv Mater 28:2259–2265
O'Regan B, Gratzel M (1991) A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353:737–740
Pell WG, Conway BE, Adams WA, de Oliveira J (1999) Electrochemical efficiency in multiple discharge recharge cycling of supercapacitors in hybrid EV applications. J Power Sources 80:134–141
Qiu TF, Luo B, Giersig M, Akinoglu EM, Hao L, Wang XJ, Shi L, Jin MH, Zhi LJ (2014) Au@MnO2 core-shell nanomesh electrodes for transparent flexible supercapacitors. Small 10:4136–4141
Ragupathy P, Vasan HN, Munichandraiah N (2008) Synthesis and characterization of nano-MnO2 for electrochemical supercapacitor studies. J Electrochem Soc 155:A34–A40
Ragupathy P, Park DH, Campet G, Vasan HN, Hwang SJ, Choy JH, Munichandraiah N (2009) Remarkable capacity retention of nanostructured manganese oxide upon cycling as an electrode material for supercapacitor. J Phys Chem C 113:6303–6309
Ren WJ, Ai ZH, Jia FL, Zhang LZ, Fan XX, Zou ZG (2007) Low temperature preparation and visible light photocatalytic activity of mesoporous carbon-doped crystalline TiO2. Appl Catal B Environ 69:138–144
Shi L, He HY, Fang Y, Jia YY, Luo B, Zhi LJ (2014) Effect of heating rate on the electrochemical performance of MnOx@CNF nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrodes. Chin Sci Bull 59:1832–1837
Smatt JH, Weidenthaler C, Rosenholm JB, Linden M (2006) Hierarchically porous metal oxide monoliths prepared by the nanocasting route. Chem Mater 18:1443–1450
Subramanian V, Zhu HW, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, Wei BQ (2005) Hydrothermal synthesis and pseudocapacitance properties of MnO2 nanostructures. J Phys Chem B 109:20207–20214
Tang HL, Xiong M, Qu DY, Liu D, Zhang ZJ, Xie ZZ, Wei X, Tu WM, Qu DY (2015) Enhanced supercapacitive performance on TiO2@C coaxial nano-rod array through a bio-inspired approach. Nano Energy 15:75–82
Tang Z, Tang CH, Gong H (2012) A high energy density asymmetric supercapacitor from nano-architectured Ni(OH)2/carbon nanotube electrodes. Adv Funct Mater 22:1272–1278
Toupin M, Brousse T, Bélanger D (2002) Influence of microstucture on the charge storage properties of chemically synthesized manganese dioxide. Chem Mater 14:3946–3952
Toupin M, Brousse T, Belanger D (2004) Charge storage mechanism of MnO2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Chem Mater 16:3184–3190
Wagemaker M, Kentgens APM, Mulder FM (2002) Equilibrium lithium transport between nanocrystalline phases in intercalated TiO2 anatase. Nature 418:397–399
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Comte P, Aranyos V, Hagfeldt A, Nazeeruddin MK, Gratzel M (2004) Stable new sensitizer with improved light harvesting for nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater 16:1806
Wang YG, Luo JY, Wang CX, Xia YY (2006) Hybrid aqueous energy storage cells using activated carbon and lithium-ion intercalated compounds II. Comparison of LiMn2O4, LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, and LiCoO2 positive electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 153:A1425–A1431
Wang J, Polleux J, Lim J, Dunn B (2007) Pseudocapacitive contributions to electrochemical energy storage in TiO2 (anatase) nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 111:14925–14931
Wang L, Sun L, Tian CG, Tan TX, Mu G, Zhang HX, Fu HG (2012) A novel soft template strategy to fabricate mesoporous carbon/graphene composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2:8359–8367
Wang ZC, Wang Y, Shu X, Yu CP, Zhang JF, Cui JW, Qin YQ, Zheng HM, Zhang Y, Wu YC (2016) Hierarchical three-dimensional MnO2/carbon@TiO2 nanotube arrays for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 6:63642–63651
Wei WF, Cui XW, Chen WX, Ivey DG (2011) Manganese oxide-based materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Soc Rev 40:1697–1721
Xu MW, Jia W, Bao SJ, Su Z, Dong B (2010) Novel mesoporous MnO2 for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Electrochim Acta 55:5117–5122
Yin J, Qi L, Wang HY (2011) Polyoxometalate-assisted synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their applications in aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitors. ACS Appl Mat Interfaces 3:4315–4322
Zhang Z, Wang CC, Zakaria R, Ying JY (1998) Role of particle size in nanocrystalline TiO2-based photocatalysts. J Phys Chem B 102:10871–10878
Zhang Y, Feng H, Wu XB, Wang LZ, Zhang AQ, Xia TC, Dong HC, Li XF, Zhang LS (2009) Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energ 34:4889–4899
Zhang YX, Kuang M, Hao XD, Liu Y, Huang M, Guo XL, Yan J, Han GQ, Li J (2014) Rational design of hierarchically porous birnessite-type manganese dioxides nanosheets on different one-dimensional titania-based nanowires for high performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources 270:675–683
Zhang J, Yang CP, Yin YX, Wan LJ, Guo YG (2016) Sulfur encapsulated in graphitic carbon nanocages for high-rate and long-cycle lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv Mater 28:9539–9544
Zhong WJ, Sang SB, Liu YY, Wu QM, Liu KY, Liu HT (2015) Electrochemically conductive treatment of TiO2 nanotube arrays in AlCl3 aqueous solution for supercapacitors. J Power Sources 294:216–222
Zhou H, Zhang YR (2014) Electrochemically self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays for supercapacitors. J Phys Chem C 118:5626–5636
Zhou W, Sun FF, Pan K, Tian GH, Jiang BJ, Ren ZY, Tian CG, Fu HG (2011) Well-ordered large-pore mesoporous anatase TiO2 with remarkably high thermal stability and improved crystallinity: preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic performance. Adv Funct Mater 21:1922–1930
Zhou H, Zou XP, Zhang YR (2016) Fabrication of TiO2@MnO2 nanotube arrays by pulsed electrodeposition and their application for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 192:259–267
Zhu HM, Liu Q, Liu JY, Li RM, Zhang HS, Hu SX, Li ZS (2015) Construction of porous hierarchical manganese dioxide on exfoliated titanium dioxide nanosheets as a novel electrode for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 178:758–766
Zolfaghari A, Ataherian F, Ghaemi M, Gholami A (2007) Capacitive behavior of nanostructured MnO2 prepared by sonochemistry method. Electrochim Acta 52:2806–2814
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21403189, 51608468), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. B2017203198), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2014M551047), and Yanshan University Doctoral Foundation (No. B790).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 5928 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gu, J., Jin, C., Bian, Z. et al. Asymmetric capacitors based on TiO2 and mesoporous MnO2 electrodes using neutral aqueous electrolyte. J Nanopart Res 19, 322 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4015-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-4015-3