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Overview of nano-drugs characteristics for clinical application: the journey from the entry to the exit point

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Abstract

The ever-increasing number of diseases worldwide requires comprehensive, efficient, and cost-effective modes of treatments. Among various strategies, nanomaterials fulfill most of these criteria. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles have made them a premier choice as a drug or a drug delivery system for the purpose of treatment, and as bio-detectors for disease prognosis. However, the main challenge is the proper consideration of the physical properties of these nanomaterials, while developing them as potential tools for therapeutics and/or diagnostics. In this review, we focus mainly on the characteristics of nanoparticles to develop an effective and sensitive system for clinical purposes. This review will present an overview of the important properties of nanoparticles, through their journey from its route of administration until disposal from the human body after accomplishing targeted functionality. We have chosen cancer as our model disease to explain the potentiality of nano-systems for therapeutics and diagnostics in relation to several organs (intestine, lung, brain, etc.). Furthermore, we have discussed their biodegradability and accumulation probability which can cause unfavorable side effects in healthy human subjects.

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Acknowledgments

Support was provided in part by Indian National Science Academy (INSA), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BRNS), and Department of Science and Technology (DST), India. T.B., P.P.M., and S.M. wrote the manuscript. Present review article was mainly written under the guidance of S.M and P.P.M. D.L., a native English speaker also helped in the structuring and English corrections. The authors declare no conflict of interest. We are thankful to Dr. Sayandip Mukherjee, Bangalore University, India and Dr. Matthew Thomas, Novartis, UK for their valuable suggestions. The funding was provided in part by INSA, BRNS (DAE), and DST, India.

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  1. Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany

    Tanima Bose

  2. NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK

    Diane Latawiec

  3. Nanobioimaging Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India

    Partha Pratim Mondal

  4. Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Subhra Mandal

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Bose, T., Latawiec, D., Mondal, P.P. et al. Overview of nano-drugs characteristics for clinical application: the journey from the entry to the exit point. J Nanopart Res 16, 2527 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2527-7

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