Abstract
Free-standing flexible magnetoelectric 0–3 composite films comprising CoFe2O4 non-spherical ferromagnetic nanoparticles with strong magnetic anisotropy in soft polyvinylidene fluoride matrices with significant void ratios have been prepared at low temperatures by solvent casting, melt crystallization and mechanical stretching. Magnetoelectric voltage coefficients increase linearly with applied dc magnetic field bias up to 5 kOe. At this field, a maximum magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of 11.2 mV cm−1 Oe−1 was obtained for samples with 10 wt% ferrite at ~50-kHz resonance. The observed linear magnetoelectric response is attributed to a linear gradient of magnetostriction with respect to magnetic field for H ≤ 5 kOe.
References
Bean CP (1955) Hysteresis loops of mixtures of ferromagnetic micropowders. J Appl Phys 26:1381–1383
Bednarek S (2006) The giant linear magnetostriction in elastic ferromagnetic composites within a porous matrix. J Magn Magn Mater 301:200–207
Chinnasamy CN, Jeyadevan B, Shinoda K, Tohji K, Djayaprawira DJ, Takahashi M, Joseyphus RJ, Narayanasamy A (2003) Unusually high coercivity and critical single-domain size of nearly monodispersed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 83:2862–2864
Dong SX, Zhai JY, Li JF, Viehland D (2006) Near-ideal magnetoelectricity in high-permeability magnetostrictive/piezofiber laminates with a (2–1) connectivity. Appl Phys Lett 89:252904
Israel C, Petrov VM, Srinivasan G, Mathur ND (2009) Magnetically tuned mechanical resonances in magnetoelectric multilayer capacitors. Appl Phys Lett 95:072505
Lovinger AJ (1983) Ferroelectric polymers. Science 220:1115–1121
Ma J, Hu J, Li Z, Nan C-W (2011) Recent progress in multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: from bulk to thin films. Adv Mater 23:1062–1087
Martins P, Lanceros-Méndez S (2013) Polymer-based magnetoelectric materials. Adv Funct Mater doi: 10.1002/adfm.201202780
Martins P, Moya X, Phillips LC, Kar-Narayan S, Mathur ND, Lanceros-Méndez S (2011a) Linear anhysteretic direct magnetoelectric effect in Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 0–3 nanocomposites. J Phys D Appl Phys 44:482001
Martins P, Costa CM, Lanceros-Mendez S (2011b) Nucleation of electroactive beta-phase poly(vinilidene fluoride) with CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 nanofillers: a new method for the preparation of multiferroic nanocomposites. Appl Phys A 103:233–237
Martins P, Lasheras A, Gutierrez J, Barandiaran JM, Orue I, Lanceros-Méndez S (2011c) Optimizing piezoelectric and magnetoelectric responses on CoFe2O4/P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposites. J Phys D Appl Phys 44:495303
Martins P, Costa CM, Benelmekki M, Botelho G, Lanceros-Méndez S (2012a) On the origin of the electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride) beta-phase nucleation by ferrite nanoparticles via surface electrostatic interactions. CrystEngComm 14:2807–2811
Martins P, Caparros C, Gonçalves R, Martins PM, Benelmekki M, Botelho G, Lanceros-Méndez S (2012b) Role of nanoparticle surface charge on the nucleation of the electroactive beta-poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites for sensor and actuator applications. J Phys Chem C 116:15790–15794
Mohammadi B, Yousefi AA, Bellah SM (2007) Effect of tensile strain rate and elongation on crystalline structure and piezoelectric properties of PVDF thin films. Polym Test 26:42–50
Monz S, Tschöpe A, Birringer R (2008) Magnetic properties of isotropic and anisotropic CoFe2O4-based ferrogels and their application as torsional and rotational actuators. Phys Rev E 78:021404
Petrov VM, Srinivasan G, Laletsin U, Bichurin MI, Tuskov DS, Paddubnaya N (2007) Magnetoelectric effects in porous ferromagnetic-piezoelectric bulk composites: experiment and theory. Phys Rev B 75:174422
Skomski R, Coey JMD (1999) Permanent magnetism. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol
Wan JG, Weng Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Liu JM, Wang G (2007) Controllable phase connectivity and magnetoelectric coupling behavior in CoFe2O4-Pb(Zr, Ti) O–3 nanostructured films. Nanotechnology 18:465708
Zhai J, Dong S, Xing Z, Li J, Viehland D (2006) Giant magnetoelectric effect in metglas/polyvinylidene-fluoride laminates. Appl Phys Lett 89:083507
Zhang JX, Dai JY, So LC, Sun CL, Lo CY, Or SW, Chan HLW (2009) The effect of magnetic nanoparticles on the morphology, ferroelectric, and magnetoelectric behaviors of CFO/P(VDF-TrFE) 0–3 nanocomposites. J Appl Phys 105:054102
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by FEDER through the COMPETE Program and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Project PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2011 and the projects PTDC/CTM/69316/2006, PTDC/CTM-NAN/112574/2009 and NANO/NMed-SD/0156/2007. The authors also thank support by the COST Action MP1003 ‘European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles’ (ESNAM). P. M. acknowledges support from FCT (SFRH/BD/45265/2008). X. M. acknowledges support from the Herchel Smith Fellowship Fund and the Ramón y Cajal (RYC) Programme (Spanish MEC).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Martins, P., Moya, X., Caparrós, C. et al. Large linear anhysteretic magnetoelectric voltage coefficients in CoFe2O4/polyvinylidene fluoride 0–3 nanocomposites. J Nanopart Res 15, 1825 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1825-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1825-9