Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial mechanisms of a new catalytic material (charge transfer auto oxidation–reduction type catalyst, CT catalyst) that may have great potential for application in water/wastewater treatment. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria-free solution, induction of ROS and oxidative damage in bacteria (including E. coli and S. aureus) were examined for the CT catalyst. The results showed that significantly higher (p < 0.05, via t-test) amount of hydroxyl radicals was generated by the CT catalyst compared with the control, particularly after 6 h of contact time that more than twice of the amount of the control was produced. The generation of ROS in the bacteria was greater under higher pH and temperature levels, which closely related with the oxidative damage in cells. The results indicated that CT catalyst induced oxidative damage in the bacteria might serve as an important mechanism interpreting the anti-microbial function of the CT catalyst.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams LK, Lyon DY, Alvarez PJ (2006) Comparative ecotoxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2 and ZnO water suspensions. Water Res 40:3527–3532
Barrière C, Brückner R, Talon R (2001) Characterization of the single superoxide dismutase of Staphylococcus xylosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4096–4104
Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Limbach LK, Bruinink A, Stark WJ (2006) In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 40:4374–4381
Buss IH, Winterbourn CC (2002) Protein carbonyl measurement by ELISA. In: Armstrong D (ed) Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 123–128
Farr SB, Kogoma T (1991) Oxidative stress responses in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 55:561–585
Foucaud L, Wilson MR, Browna DM, Stone V (2007) Measurement of reactive species production by nanoparticles prepared in biologically relevant media. Toxicol Lett 174:1–9
Halliwell B, Whiteman M (2004) Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 142:231–255
Herrmann JM, Duchamp C, Karkmaz M, Hoai BT, Lachheb H, Puzenat E, Guillard C (2007) Environmental green chemistry as defined by photocatalysis. J Hazard Mater 146:624–629
Hoffman MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:69–96
Ichimura S, Ichimura K (2001) Charge transfer auto-oxidation-reduction semiconductor catalyst: application to MINOYAKI tiles and it’s effects. Trans Mater Res Soc Jpn 26:1045–1048
Kumar R, Münstedt H (2005) Silver ion release from antimicrobial polyamide/silver composites. Biomaterials 26:2081–2088
LeBel CP, Ischiropoulos H, Bondy SC (1992) Evaluation of the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol 5:227–231
Lewis K (2001) Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:999–1007
Limbach LK, Wick P, Manser P, Grass RN, Bruinink A, Stark WJ (2007) Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ Sci Technol 41:4158–4163
Lyon DY, Fortner JD, Sayes CM, Colvin VL, Hughes JB (2005) Bacterial cell association and antimicrobial activity of a C60 water suspension. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2757–2762
Meier B, Parak F, Desideri A, Rotilio G (1997) Comparative stability studies on the iron and manganese forms of the cambialistic superoxide dismutase from Propionibacterium shermanii. Fed Eur Biochem Soc 414:122–124
Melo PS, Fabrin-Neto JB, de Moraes SG, Assalin MR, Duran N, Haun M (2006) Comparative toxicity of effluents processed by different treatments in V79 fibroblasts and the algae Selenastrum capricornutum. Chemosphere 62:1207–1213
Ollis DF, Pelizzetti E, Serpone N (1991) Destruction of water contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 25:1523–1529
Percival SL, Walker JT (1999) Potable water and biofilms: a review of the public health implications. Biofouling 42:99–115
Thill A, Zeyons O, Spalla O, Chauvat F, Rose J, Auffan M, Flank AM (2006) Cytotoxicity of CeO2 nanoparticles for Escherichia coli. Physico-chemical insight of the cytotoxicity mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 40:6151–6156
Thompson VS, Schaller KD, Apel WA (2003) Purification and characterization of a novel thermo-alkali-stable catalase from Thermus brockianus. Biotechnol Prog 19:1292–1299
Weir E, Lawlor A, Whelan A, Regan F (2008) The use of nanoparticles in anti-microbial materials and their characterization. Analyst 133:835–845
Wiesner MR, Hotze EM, Brant JA, Espinasse B (2008) Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example. Water Sci Technol 57:305–310
Yagi K (1998) Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. In: Armstrong D (ed) Free radicals and antioxidant protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 101–106
Zalazar CS, Satuf ML, Alfano OM, Cassano AE (2008) Comparison of H2O2/UV and heterogeneous photocatalytic processes for the degradation of dichloroacetic acid in water. Environ Sci Technol 42:6198–6204
Acknowledgments
Financial support from the Faculty Research Grant, Hong Kong Baptist University (No. FRG/08-09/II-34) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chow, K.L., Mak, N.K., Wong, M.H. et al. Generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by a novel semiconductor catalyst. J Nanopart Res 13, 1007–1017 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-0128-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-0128-7