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Lipid-Like Biofilm from a Clinical Brain Isolate of Aspergillus terreus: Quantification, Structural Characterization and Stages of the Formation Cycle

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Abstract

Invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi have increased considerably due to the alteration of the host's immune response. Aspergillus terreus is considered an emerging pathogen and has shown resistance to amphotericin B treatment, resulting in high mortality. The development of fungal biofilm is a virulence factor, and it has been described in some cases of invasive aspergillosis. In addition, although the general composition of fungal biofilms is known, findings related to biofilms of a lipid nature are rarely reported. In this study, we present the identification of a clinical strain of A. terreus by microbiological and molecular tools, also its in vitro biofilm development capacity: (i) Biofilm formation was quantified by Crystal Violet and reduction of tetrazolium salts assays, and simultaneously the stages of biofilm development were described by Scanning Electron Microscopy in High Resolution (SEM-HR). (ii) Characterization of the organizational structure of the biofilm was performed by SEM-HR. The hyphal networks developed on the surface, the abundant air channels created between the ECM (extracellular matrix) and the hyphae fused in anastomosis were described. Also, the presence of microhyphae is reported. (iii) The chemical composition of the ECM was analyzed by SEM-HR and CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy). Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and a relevant presence of lipid components were identified. Some structures of apparent waxy appearance were highlighted by SEM-HR and backscatter-electron diffraction, for which CLSM was previously performed. To our knowledge, this work is the first description of a lipid-type biofilm in filamentous fungi, specifically of the species A. terreus from a clinical isolate.

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Acknowledgements

Our sincere thanks to Secretaria de Investigación y Posgrado of ENCB, and the Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos N° 6 "Miguel Othón de Mendizabal", IPN. GRL wishes to thank BEIFI/Instituto Politécnico Nacional fellowship program. MGMC, BEGP, NOP, AVRT and ARG are SNI members. AVRT and BEGP are EDI, COFAA/ Instituto Politécnico Nacional and SNI/CONACYT Mexico fellows. ARG is COFAA/ Instituto Politécnico Nacional and SNI/CONACYT Mexico fellow. A special thanks to Dr. Hugo Martínez Gutiérrez for SEM photographs carried out in Laboratory of Nanosciences, Micro and Nanotechnology Center-IPN. Authors wish to thank Hospital Infantil de México “Dr. Federico Gómez”, Mexico City for providing the clinical isolate for this project. The figure 3 was created with BioRender.com.

Funding

This work was supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City [SIP20210778, SIP20210200, SIP20220564, SIP20221965]. Author GRL has receives research support from BEIFI/Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Authors AVRT and ARG have received research support from EDI, COFAA/Instituto Politécnico Nacional and SNI/CONACYT México.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Mycology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico

    Gerardo Rayón-López, Natalee Carapia-Minero, Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar & Adrián Ramírez-Granillo

  2. Agricultural Nematology Laboratory, Parasitology Department, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

    María Gabriela Medina-Canales

  3. General Microbiology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

    Blanca Estela García-Pérez

  4. Clinical Laboratory Technician Academy, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 6 “Miguel Othón de Mendizábal”, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

    Adrián Ramírez-Granillo

  5. Mycology Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México “Dr. Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico

    Jesús Reséndiz-Sánchez

  6. Research and Development Department Probiomed SA de CV, Tenancingo Edo. de Mex., Mexico

    Néstor O. Pérez

  7. Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, ENCB-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, CDMX, México

    Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar & Adrián Ramírez-Granillo

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  1. Gerardo Rayón-López
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  2. Natalee Carapia-Minero
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  6. Néstor O. Pérez
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  7. Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
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  8. Adrián Ramírez-Granillo
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by G Rayón-López, N Carapia-Minero, MG Medina-Canales, BE García-Pérez, J Reséndiz-Sánchez, NO. Pérez, AV Rodríguez-Tovar and A Ramírez-Granillo. The first draft of the manuscript was written by G Rayón-López and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar or Adrián Ramírez-Granillo.

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Online Resource 1. Growth kinetics of A. terreus on solid medium. Colonies were measured with an inoculum of 1x108 conidia/mL for the construction of the graphic after 7 days of incubation. The fungus was grown on PDA and SDA, at 28°C (a) and 37°C (b). A. terreus was grown more efficiently at 28°C for 7 days with no significant difference with the use of different culture media. In contrast, inferior growth was observed at 37°C using SDA medium. Student Neumals Kewls statistical method was used for analysis (n=12; (*): p<0.05). (PDF 43 KB)

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Rayón-López, G., Carapia-Minero, N., Medina-Canales, M.G. et al. Lipid-Like Biofilm from a Clinical Brain Isolate of Aspergillus terreus: Quantification, Structural Characterization and Stages of the Formation Cycle. Mycopathologia 188, 35–49 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-022-00692-z

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