Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pectic zymogram variation and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) isolates in Isfahn, Iran

  • Published:
Mycopathologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rhizoctonia disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important fungal diseases in bean fields in Isfahan, Iran. Bean plants showing stem and root cankers were collected and Rhizoctonia-like fungi obtained from the samples were identified by anastomosis. Pure cultures of bean isolates of R. solani were identified as AG-4. There were also AG-4 isolates from tomato, potato, cucumber, alfalfa and sugar beet in the areas sampled. A total of 163 isolates of R. solani AG-4 originating from stem and root cankers of beans were examined using pectic zymogram electrophoresis. Polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin estrase isozymes were observed in all AG-4 isolates tested. One (PG) and one pectic esterase (PE) band was found in common between all isolates examined. The electrophoretic patterns were grouped into seven zymogram groups (ZGs) according to the diagnostic PG and PE bands. One ZG occurred in a high frequency throughout the areas sampled. A pathogenicity test was conducted and representative isolates of each ZG were used to inoculate healthy bean plants. The results showed that each ZG caused different symptoms with varying severity. Isolates belonging to two ZGs were highly pathogenic causing root, stem and hypocotyl cankers whereas isolates of the other ZGs produced weak or no symptoms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • EE Buttler CE Braker (1970) Morphology and cytology of Rhizoctonia solani J R Parmeter Jr (Eds) Rhizoctonia solani: Biology and Pathology University of California Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • MC Julian AM Dullemans CH Silfhout Particlevan J Keijer (1997) ArticleTitleNuclear behaviour in homokaryotic and heterokariyotic fruiting of Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani) anastomosis group1, sub-group 1-C Mycologia 89 361–374

    Google Scholar 

  • R Vilgalis MA Cubeta (1994) ArticleTitleMolecular systematic and population biology of Rhizoctonia Annu Rev Phytopathol 32 135–155

    Google Scholar 

  • JJ Worral (1997) ArticleTitleSomatic incompatibility in basidiomycetes Mycologia 89 24–36

    Google Scholar 

  • UL Rosewich RE Pettway BA McDonald HC Kistler (1999) ArticleTitleHigh levels of gene flow and heterozygot excess characterize Rhizoctonia solani AG1 1A (Thanatephorus cucumeris) from Texas Fungal Genet Biol 28 148–159 Occurrence Handle10669581 Occurrence Handle10.1006/fgbi.1999.1174 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXps1Gmtw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Aoyagi K Kageyama M Hyakumachi (1998) ArticleTitleCharacterization and survival of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 LP associated with large patch disease of zoysia grass Plant Disease 82 857–863

    Google Scholar 

  • CA Engelkes CE Windeles (1996) ArticleTitleSusceptibility of sugar beet and beans to Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IIIB and AG2-2IV Plant Disease 80 1413–1417 Occurrence Handle10.1094/PD-80-1413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M Matsumoto N Furuya Y Takanami N Matsuyama (1996) ArticleTitleRFLP analysis of the PCR-amplified 28S rDNA in Rhizoctonia solani Mycologia 37 351–356 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXpvF2ltw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JHM Shnider O Salazar V Rubio J Keijier (1997) ArticleTitleIdentification of Rhizoctonia solani associated with field-grown tulips using its rDNA polymorphism and pectic zymograms Eur J Plant Pathol 103 607–622

    Google Scholar 

  • GJ Banville (1989) ArticleTitleYield losses and damage to potato plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Am Potato J 66 821–834

    Google Scholar 

  • D Pitt (1964) ArticleTitleStudies on sharp eyespot disease of cereals. I. Disease symptoms and pathogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and influence of soil factors and temperature on disease development Ann Appl Biol 54 77–89

    Google Scholar 

  • B Sneh L Burpee A. Ogoshi (1991) Identification of Rhizoctonia Species American Phytopathological Society St. Paul, MN, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • DF Batman (1963) ArticleTitlePectolytic activities of culture filterates of Rhizoctonia solani and extracts of Rhizoctonia infected tissues of bean Phytopathology 53 197–204

    Google Scholar 

  • SM Neate RH Cruickshank AD Rovira (1988) ArticleTitlePectic enzyme patterns of Rhizcotonia solani isolates from agricultural soils in South Australia Trans Br Mycol Soc 90 37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • W Newton (1931) ArticleTitleThe physiology of Rhizoctonia Sci Agric 12 178–182

    Google Scholar 

  • NA Anderson (1982) ArticleTitleThe genetics and pathology of Rhizoctonia solani Annu Rev Phytopathol 20 324–347 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.py.20.090182.001553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JR. Parmeter Jr (1970) Rhizoctonia solani. Biology and Pathology University of California Berkley

    Google Scholar 

  • RH Cruickshank (1983) ArticleTitlePectic zymogram as criteria in taxonomy of Rhizoctonia Mycol Res 94 935–946

    Google Scholar 

  • RH Cruickshank JI Pitt (1987) ArticleTitleIdentification of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium by enzyme electrophoresis Mycologia 79 614–620

    Google Scholar 

  • M Reynolds AR Weinhold TJ Morris (1983) ArticleTitleComparison of anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins Phytopathology 73 903–906

    Google Scholar 

  • RH Cruickshank (1990) ArticleTitleDetection between Sclerotina species by their pectic zymograms Trans Br Mycol Soc 80 117–119

    Google Scholar 

  • JP Laroche SH Jabaji-Hare PM Charest (1992) ArticleTitleDifferentiation of two anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani by isozyme analysis Phytopathology 82 1387–1393 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhs1Gjs70%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MW Sweetingham RH Cruickshank DH Wong (1986) ArticleTitlePectic zymogram and taxonomy, and pathogenicity of the Ceratobasidiaceae Trans Br Mycol Soc 86 305–311 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XktVeisbk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0007-1536(86)80161-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SM Neate RH Cruickshank (1988) ArticleTitlePectic enzyme patterns of Ceratobasidium and Rhizoctonia spp. Associated with sharp eyespot-like lesions on cereals in South Australia Trans Br Mycol Soc 85 615–620

    Google Scholar 

  • S Banniza MA Rutherford (2001) ArticleTitleDiversity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 1A and their relationship to other anastomosis groups based on pectic zymogram and molecular analysis Mycol Res 105 33–40 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0953756200003348 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVyhsbw%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GC MacNish MW Sweetingham (1993) ArticleTitleEvidence of pectic zymogram groups within Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 Mycol Res 97 1056–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • RJ Bandoni (1979) ArticleTitleSafranin O as a rapid nuclear stain for fungi Mycologia 71 873–874

    Google Scholar 

  • JR Parmeter Jr RT Sherwood WD Platt (1969) ArticleTitleAnastomosis grouping among isolates of Thanatephorus cucumeris Phytopathology 59 1270–1278

    Google Scholar 

  • Balali GR, Neate SM, Scott ES, Whisson DL, Wicks TJ. Anastomosis group and pathogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from potato crops in South Aust Plant Pathol 1995; 441: 1050–1051.

  • Baker KF. Selective killing of soil organisms by aerated steam. In: Toussoun TA, Bega RV, Nelson PE, eds. Root Diseases and Soil born Pathogens. University of California Press, 1970: 238–239.

  • RH Cruickshank GC Wade (1980) ArticleTitleDetection of pectic enzyme in pectic-acrylamide gel Anal Biochem 107 177–181 Occurrence Handle7192060 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0003-2697(80)90508-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlvVWlsLc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Lynch (1990) ArticleTitleThe similarity index and DNA fingerprinting Mol Biol Evol 7 478–484 Occurrence Handle2263197 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXls1KrtLc%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Sneath R Sokal (1973) Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practise of Numerical Classification. WH. Freeman San Francisco, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • V Stockwell P Hanchey (1984) ArticleTitleThe role of the cuticle in resistance of beans to Rhizoctonia solani Phytopathology 74 1640–1642

    Google Scholar 

  • V Stockwell P Hanchey (1987) ArticleTitleLignification of lesion borders in Rhizoctonia-infected bean hypocotyls Phytopathology 77 589–593 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktlKkurs%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Lewis GC Papavizas (1985) ArticleTitleEffect of mycelial preparation of Trichoderma and Gliocaldium on populations of Rhizoctonia solani and the incidence of damping off Phytopathology 75 812–817 Occurrence Handle10.1094/Phyto-75-812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KR Barker JC Walker (1962) ArticleTitleRelationships of pectolytic and cellulytic enzyme production by strains of Pellicularia filementosa to their pathogenicity Phytopathol 52 1119–1125 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF3sXhs1SlsA%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HA Yang (1994) ArticleTitleGenetics variability in pectic enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing bare-patch disease of cereals J Phytopathol 141 259–266 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXivFSltbg%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RR Verma (1997) ArticleTitleRhizoctonia solani in cruciferous crops: A review J Mycol Plant Pathol 27 235–250

    Google Scholar 

  • GC MacNish DE Carling KA Brainard (1997) ArticleTitleRelationship of microscopic and macroscopic vegetative reactions of Rhizoctonia solani and the occurrence of vegetatively compatible populations (VCPs) in AG-8 Mycol Res 101 61–68 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0953756296002171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien PA, Vidyani PAM, Zamani MR. Pectic enzyme as virulence factors in Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 strains. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Rhizoctonia. Noordwijkerhoot, The Netherlands, 1995; P-3-4 (Abstract).

  • JE Puhalla WW Carter (1976) ArticleTitleThe role of the H locus in heterokaryosis in Rhizoctonia solani Phytopathology 66 1348–1353 Occurrence Handle10.1094/Phyto-66-1348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N Lecorus T Luigi TN Sieber O Petrini (1994) ArticleTitlePectic enzyme patterns as a taxonomic tool for the characterization of Gremmeniella sp Isolates. Can J Bot 72 891–896

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, 81744, Isfahan, Iran

    G. R. Balali & M. Kowsari

Authors
  1. G. R. Balali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Kowsari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. R. Balali.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Balali, G.R., Kowsari, M. Pectic zymogram variation and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 to bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) isolates in Isfahn, Iran. Mycopathologia 158, 377–384 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-2227-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-004-2227-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation