Abstract
A hyperelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model is developed to describe the strain-softening behavior of glass-filler-reinforced–epoxy composites under large strain-compression loading. The model’s rheological network comprises two parallel networks; the first consists of a nonlinear elastic spring in series with a nonlinear viscous dashpot, and the other involves a hyperelastic Langevin spring. The postyield strain softening in the model is introduced by a time-dependent shear resistance to molecular deformation, where the shear resistance is varied from an initial value up to a saturation value at large strain. The model is reduced to a one-dimensional incompressible case, and fitted to the experimental data of spherical- and milled-glass-fiber–epoxy composites to retrieve the optimized model parameters. Milled-fiber–epoxy composites exhibit higher values of optimized elastic modulus and shear deformation resistance parameters, which are correlated to outcomes of dynamic mechanical analyses like filler-reinforcement efficiency, polymer chain-entanglement density, and filler–matrix adhesion. The improvement in filler-reinforcement efficiency due to milled fibers leads to better load transmission to the matrix, resulting in enhanced elastic modulus of milled-fiber–epoxy composites. An increase in polymer chain-entanglement density and filler–matrix adhesion results in higher resistance to viscous flow for milled-fiber composites. Semiempirical equations for elastic modulus and shear-deformation resistance parameters are proposed that consider the relative stiffness of filler and matrix, and the shape and volume fraction of fillers. When the fillers are embedded in the polymer matrix, these equations operate as multiplicative factors to the neat polymers. Thus, the model is capable of capturing the stress–strain response of both neat polymer and glass-filled polymer composites.
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The financial support for this research was provided by the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, India, through Faculty Research Scheme grant FRS(146)/2020-2021/MECH.
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1. Sudeepto Paul: Analysis and interpretation of data, manuscript preparation. 2. Sarthak S. Singh: Revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and final approval of the manuscript
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Paul, S., Singh, S.S. Modeling the strain-softening behavior of glass-filled epoxy composites using a hyperelastic–viscoplastic model. Mech Time-Depend Mater 27, 929–947 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-022-09574-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-022-09574-9