Abstract
Polymers exhibit viscoelastic behavior: their mechanical response depends on the loading time, or on the loading frequency. In addition, if a polymer structure has a long service life, the mechanical behavior can also depend on physical aging and chemical degradation. This paper describes a thermodynamically consistent constitutive law taking into account the viscoelastic phenomena and the physical aging. First, an original nonlinear viscoelastic law, depending on the physical aging time, is developed. Then, considering experimental values of dynamic modulus from the literature, the model parameters are identified, using a new method based on the discrete form of the spectrum of relaxation time. The obtained model is numerically implemented and compared to experimental results.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Amin, A., Lion, A., Sekita, S., Okui, Y.: Nonlinear dependence of viscosity in modeling the rate-dependent response of natural and high damping rubbers in compression and shear: experimental identification and numerical verification. Int. J. Plast. 22, 1610–1657 (2006)
Arruda, E., Boyce, M.: A three dimensional model for the large stretch behavior of rubber elastic materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41(2), 389–412 (1993)
Avazmohammadi, R., Castaneda, P.: Tangent second order estimates for the large strain, macroscopic response of particle reinforced elastomers. J. Elast. 112, 139–183 (2012)
Baumgaertel, M., Winter, H.: Interrelation between continuous and discrete relaxation time spectra. J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 44, 15–36 (1992)
Bradshaw, R.D., Brinson, L.C.: Physical aging in polymers and polymer composites: an analysis and method for time-aging time superposition. Polym. Eng. Sci. 37, 31–44 (1997)
Brinson, L.C.: Effects of physical aging on long term creep of polymers and polymer matrix composites. Int. J. Solids Struct. 32, 827–846 (1995)
Brinson, L.C.: Polymer Engineering Science and Viscoelasticity. An Introduction. Springer, Berlin (2008)
Cerrada, M.L., McKenna, G.B.: Physical aging of amorphous PEN: isothermal, isochronal and isostructural results. Macromolecules 33, 3065–3076 (2000)
Christensen, R.: A nonlinear theory of viscoelasticity for application to elastomers. J. Appl. Mech. 47, 762–768 (1980)
Coleman, B., Gurtin, M.: Thermodynamics with internal state variables. J. Chem. Phys. 47, 597–613 (1967)
Diani, J., Brieu, M., Gilormini, P.: Observation and modeling of the anisotropic visco hyperelastic behavior of a rubber like material. Int. J. Solids Struct. 43, 3044–3056 (2006)
Drozdov, A.D., Dorfmann, A.: Physical aging and the viscoelastic response of glassy polymers: comparison of observations in mechanical and dilatometric tests. Math. Comput. Model. 37, 665–681 (2003)
Findley, W., Lai, J., Onaran, K.: Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials (1976)
Ghoreishy, M., Firouzbakht, M., Naderi, G.: Parameter determination and experimental verification of bergström boyce hysteresis model for rubber compounds reinforced by carbon black blends. Mater. Des. 53, 457–465 (2014)
Goudarzi, T., Lopez-Pamies, O.: Numerical modeling of the nonlinear elastic response of filled elastomers via composite-sphere assemblages. J. Appl. Mech. 47, 1028–1036 (2013)
Govindjee, S., Mihalic, P.: Viscoelastic constitutive relations for the steady spinning of a cylinder. Report, University of California, Berkeley (1998)
Guo, J., Lic, Z., Longb, J., Xiao, R.: Modeling the effect of physical aging on the stress response of amorphous polymers based on a two-temperature continuum theory. Mech. Mater. 143, 103335 (2020)
Haidar, B., Vidal, A.: Time and temperature dependence of amorphous polymer dynamic properties after a small static deformation. J. Phys. IV 6, C8 (1996)
Halphen, B., Nguyen, Q.: Sur les matériaux standards generalisés. J. Méc. 14, 39–63 (1975)
Holzapfel, G.A.: Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, a Continuum Approach for Engineering. Wiley, New York (2006)
Huber, N., Tsakmakis, C.: Finite deformation viscoelasticity laws. Mech. Mater. 32, 1–18 (2000)
Jalocha, D.: Payne effect: a constitutive model based on a dynamic strain amplitude dependent spectrum of relaxation time. Mech. Mater. 148, 103526 (2020)
Jalocha, D., Constantinescu, A., Neviere, R.: Prestrain dependent viscosity of a highly filled elastomer: experiments and modeling. Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 19, 78–98 (2015a)
Jalocha, D., Constantinescu, A., Neviere, R.: Prestrained biaxial DMA investigation of viscoelastic nonlinearities in highly filled elastomers. Polym. Test. 42, 37–44 (2015b)
Jalocha, D., Constantinescu, A., Neviere, R.: Revisiting the identification of generalized Maxwell models from experimental results. Int. J. Solids Struct. 64, 169–181 (2015c)
Kaminski, M.: Homogenization with uncertainty in Poisson ratio for polymers with rubber particles. Composites, Part B 69, 267–277 (2015)
Knauss, W., Emri, L., Lu, H.: Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics. Springer, Berlin (2006)
LeTallec, P., Rahier, C.: Numerical models of steady rolling for non linear viscoelastic structures in finite deformations. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 37, 1159–1186 (1994)
LeTallec, P., Rahier, C., Kaiss, A.: Three dimensional incompressible viscoelasticity in large strains: formulation and numerical approximation. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 109, 223–258 (1993)
Lion, A.: On the large deformation behavior of reinforced rubber at different temperatures. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 45, 1805–1834 (1997)
Lion, A., Retka, J., Rendek, M.: On the calculation of predeformation dependent dynamic modulus tensors in finite nonlinear viscoelasticity. Mech. Res. Commun. 36, 500–520 (2009)
Lopez Jimenez, F.: Modeling of soft composites under three-dimensional loading. Composites, Part B 59, 173–180 (2014)
Lopez-Pamies, O.: A new i1 based hyperelastic model for rubber elastic materials. C. R., Méc. 338, 3–11 (2010)
Markovitz, A., Hershel, J.: Boltzmann and the beginnings of rheology. Trans. Soc. Rheol. 21(3), 381–398 (1977)
McKenna, G.B.: On the physics required for prediction of long term performance of polymers and their composites. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 169–189 (1994)
Ogden, R., Roxburgh, D.: A pseudo elastic model for the Mullins effect in filled rubber. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 455, 2861–2877 (1999)
Ozupek, S.: Constitutive Modeling of Hight Elongation Solid Propellants. PhD thesis, University of Texas (1989)
Ozupek, S., Becker, E.: Constitutive modeling of high elongation solid propellants. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 114, 111–115 (1992)
Park, S., Schapery, R.: Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part I—a numerical method based on Prony series. Int. J. Solids Struct. 36, 1653–1675 (1999)
Schwarzl, F.: On the interconversion between viscoelastic material functions microsymposia on macromolecules. In: Microsymposium on Macromolecules, Prague, PMM, Macromolecules. Prague, IV, V and VI, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1969-09-01–1969-09-11 (1969)
Simo, J.: On a fully three dimensional finite strain viscoelastic damage model: formulation and computational aspects. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 60, 153–173 (1987)
Simo, J., Hughes, T.: Computational Inelasticity. Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics (1998)
Smith, T.: Empirical equations for representing viscoelastic functions and for deriving spectra. J. Polym. Sci. 35, 39–50 (1971)
Steinmann, P., Hossain, M., Possart, G.: Hyperelastic models for rubber like materials: consistent tangent operators and suitability for treloar s data. Arch. Appl. Mech. 82, 1183–1217 (2012)
Swanson, S., Christensent, L.: A constitutive formulation for high elongation propellants. J. Spacecr. 20, 559–566 (1983)
Widder, D.: The Laplace Transform. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1946)
Williams, M., Landel, R., Ferry, J.: The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 3701–3707 (1955)
Wollscheid, D.: Predeformation and frequency dependence of filler reinforced rubber under vibration. PhD thesis, Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen (2014)
Wollscheid, D., Lion, A.: Predeformation- and frequency-dependent material behaviour of filler-reinforced rubber: experiments, constitutive modelling and parameter identification. Int. J. Solids Struct. 50, 1217–1225 (2013)
Xu, F., Aravas, N., Sofronis, P.: Constitutive modeling of solid propellant materials with evolving microstructural damage. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 56, 2050–2073 (2008)
Zhang, X., Andrieux, F., Sun, D.: Pseudo elastic description of polymeric foams at finite deformation with stress softening and residual strain effects. Mater. Des. 32, 877–884 (2011)
Zheng, Y., Priestley, R.D., McKenna, G.B.: Physical Aging of an Epoxy Subsequent to Relative Humidity Jumps Through the Glass Concentration. Wiley-Interscience, New York (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/20084
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jalocha, D. A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model taking into account of physical aging. Mech Time-Depend Mater 26, 21–31 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-020-09473-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-020-09473-x