Abstract
One of the fastest-growing industries in recent years has been e-Healthcare. Many cyberattacks and threats against patient confidentiality exist in electronic health records (EHRs). To shield EHRs from data breaches and to secure the data with integrity, DNA subsequences, SHA-256, and Hyper Chaotic Multi Attractors Chen System (HCMACS) are proposed for effective medical image encryption. A combined HCMACS produces a pseudorandom key sequence to strengthen its resiliency. The two significant advantages of the proposed technique are integrity and robustness, where the secret keys are susceptible to initial states determined by the original image’s hash value. Furthermore, the encrypted image is uploaded to a cloud-based service where an authorised user can retrieve the original data. Finally the digital medical images have confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA). The outcomes of the DNA-based cryptosystem for medical images are validated with several analyses and are efficiently defended against statistical, differential, and chosen-plaintext attacks.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
AashiqBanu S, Amirtharajan R (2020) A robust medical image encryption in dual domain: chaos-DNA-IWT combined approach. Med Biol Eng Compu 58(7):1445–1458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-020-02178-w
AashiqBanu S, Amirtharajan R (2020) Tri-level scrambling and enhanced diffusion for DICOM image cipher- DNA and chaotic fused approach. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09501-5
Aashiq Banu S, Rengarajan AMIRTHARAJANering,.(2020). Bio-inspired cryptosystem on reciprocal domain-DNA strands mutate to secure health data. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000071
Akkasaligar PT, Biradar S (2020) Selective medical image encryption using DNA cryptography. Information Security Journal 29(2):91–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393555.2020.1718248
Aparna H, Bhumijaa B, Santhiyadevi R, Vaishanavi K, Sathanarayanan M, Rengarajan A, Abd El-Latif AA (2021) Double layered fridrich structure to conserve medical data privacy using quantum cryptosystem. J Inform Security Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102972
Arab A, Rostami MJ, Ghavami B (2019) An image encryption method based on chaos system and AES algorithm. J Supercomput 75:6663–6682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-02878-7
Belazi A, Talha M, Kharbech S, Xiang W (2019) Novel Medical Image Encryption Scheme Based on Chaos and DNA Encoding. IEEE Access 7:36667–36681. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906292
Bokolo Anthony Jnr (2020) Use of Telemedicine and Virtual Care for Remote Treatment in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical System 44:132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01596-5
Cost of a Data Breach Study | IBM. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August, 2020, from https://www.ibm.com/security/data-breach
Cyber attacks: 37% increase in cyberattacks in India in Q1 2020: Report, IT Security News, ET CISO. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August, 2020, from https://ciso.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/37-increase-in-cyberattacks-in-india-in-q1-2020-report/75962696
Dagadu JC, Li JP, Aboagye EO (2019) Medical Image Encryption Based on Hybrid Chaotic DNA Diffusion. Wireless Pers Commun 108, 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06420-z.
Dua M, Wesanekar A, Gupta V, Bhola M, Dua S (2019) Differential evolution optimisation of intertwining logistic map-DNA based image encryption technique. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01580-z
Guan M, Yang X, Hu W (2019) Chaotic image encryption algorithm using frequency-domain DNA encoding. IET Image Proc 13(9):1535–1539. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2019.0051
Guesmi R, Farah MAB, Kachouri A et al (2016) A novel chaos-based image encryption using DNA sequence operation and Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-2. Nonlinear Dyn 83:1123–1136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-015-2392-7
Liu Hongjun, Kadir Abdurahman, Chengbo Xu (2020) Cryptanalysis and constructing S-Box based on chaotic map and backtracking. Appl Math Comput 376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2020.125153
IBM Security 2020 Cost of Data Breach Report Shows 10% Annual Increase in Healthcare Data Breach Costs. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August, 2020, from https://www.hipaajournal.com/ibm-security-2020-cost-of-data-breach-report-shows-10-annual-increase-in-healthcare-data-breach-costs/
Kalsi S, Kaur H, Chang V (2018) DNA Cryptography and Deep Learning using Genetic Algorithm with NW algorithm for Key Generation. Journal of Medical Syststem 42:17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0851-z
Kumar V, Rayappan JBB, Amirtharajan R, Praveenkumar P (2022) Quantum true random number generation on IBM’s cloud platform. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.01.015
Lakshmi C, Thenmozhi K, Rayappan JBB et al (2020) Neural-assisted image-dependent encryption scheme for medical image cloud storage. Neural Comput & Applic. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05447-9
Li J, Chen L, Cai W, Xiao J, Zhu J, Hu Y, Wen K (2022) Holographic encryption algorithm based on bit-plane decomposition and hyperchaotic lorenz system. Optics Laser Technol.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108127
Li T, Shi J, Li X, Wu J, Pan F (2019) Image Encryption Based on Pixel-Level Diffusion with Dynamic Filtering and DNA-Level Permutation with 3D Latin Cubes. Entropy 21(3):319. https://doi.org/10.3390/e21030319
Liu H, Wang X, Kadir A (2021) Constructing chaos-based hash function via parallel impulse perturbation. Soft Comput 25:11077–11086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05849-4
Liu H, Liu J, Ma C (2022) Constructing dynamic strong S-Box using 3D chaotic map and application to image encryption. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12069-x
Lone MA, Qureshi S (2022) RGB image encryption based on symmetric keys using arnold transform, 3D chaotic map and affine hill cipher. Optik 260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168880
Mahalingam H, Veeramalai T, Menon AR, SS, Amirtharajan R (2023) Dual-Domain Image Encryption in Unsecure Medium—A Secure Communication Perspect Math 11:457. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11020457’
Mahalingam H, VelupillaiMeikandan P, Thenmozhi K, Moria KM, Lakshmi C, Chidambaram N, Amirtharajan R (2023) Neural Attractor-Based Adaptive Key Generator with DNA-Coded Security and Privacy Framework for Multimedia Data in Cloud Environments. Mathematics 11:1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11081769
Microsoft, UW demonstrate first fully automated DNA data storage. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August, 2020, from https://news.microsoft.com/innovation-stories/hello-data-dna-storage/
Raj V, Janakiraman S, Amirtharajan R (2023) Reconfigurable color medical image encryptor using hardware accelerated Chao(S)-box triplets. J Real-Time Image Proc 20:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-023-01278-8
Rajagopalan S, Poori S, Narasimhan M et al (2020) Chua’s diode and strange attractor: A three-layer hardware–software co-design for medical image confidentiality. IET Image Proc 14:1248–1256. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2019.0562
Ravichandran D, Padmaa M, Rajagopal N et al (2023) Chaos and DNA Blended Hybrid Encryption Algorithm for Secure Image Transmission over DCT Pre-coded OFDM. Wireless Pers Commun 129:703–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-10152-y
Ren HP, Bai C, Huang ZZ (2017) Secure communication with hyper-chaotic Chen system. Int J Bifurc Chaos 14(5):1750076. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127417500766
Rodrigues JJPC et al (2018) Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Health Things. IEEE Access 6:13129–13141. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2789329
Sridevi A, Sivaraman R, Balasubramaniam V, Sreenithi S, J., Thanikaiselvan, V., & Rengarajan, A. (2022) On chaos based duo confusion duo diffusion for colour images. Multimedia Tools and Applications 81(12):16987–17014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12471-5
Teng L, Wang X, Xian Y (2022) Image encryption algorithm based on a 2D-CLSS hyperchaotic map using simultaneous permutation and diffusion. Inf Sci 605:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.05.032
Wang X, Xue W, An J (2020) Image encryption algorithm based on LDCML and DNA coding sequence. Multimed Tools Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09688-7
Wang WT, Sun JY, Zhang H, Zhang J (2023) Quantum cryptosystem and circuit design for color image based on novel 3D Julia-fractal chaos system. Quantum Inf Process 22(1):64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-022-03823-z
Why Healthcare Data Protection Needs to Include Encryption. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 August, 2020, from https://www.zettaset.com/blog/healthcare-data-protection-needs-encryption/
Ye G, Wu H, Liu M, Shi Y (2022) Image encryption scheme based on blind signature and an improved lorenz system. Expert Syst Appl 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117709
Zhao CF, Ren HP (2020) Image encryption based on hyper-chaotic multi-attractors. Nonlinear Dyn 100:679–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-020-05526-5
Zhao J, Wang S, Zhang L (2023) Block Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Novel Chaos and DNA Encoding. Information 14:150. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14030150
Zhang Y, Xie H, Sun J, Zhang H (2022) An efficient multi-level encryption scheme for stereoscopic medical images based on coupled chaotic system and otsu threshold segmentation. Comput Biol Med 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105542
Zhang F, Zhang X, Cao M, Ma F, Li Z (2021) Characteristic Analysis of 2D Lag-Complex Logistic Map and Its Application in Image Encryption, in IEEE MultiMedia 28(4):96–106. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2021.3080579.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Computer Science Engineering at Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Hyderabad. Also, thank the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi, for the FIST funding (SR/FST/ET-I/2018/221(C)), the Intrusion Detection Lab at the School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, for providing infrastructural support to carry out this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any authors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Banu, S.A., Al-Alawi, A.I., Padmaa, M. et al. Healthcare with datacare—a triangular DNA security. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 21153–21170 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16303-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16303-y