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Block-level double JPEG compression detection for image forgery localization

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Abstract

Forged images in JPEG format have a ubiquitous presence in today’s world due to the ease of availability of image manipulation tools. This paper presents a deep learning-based system that utilizes the inherent relationship between histograms of quantized DCT coefficients and corresponding quantization step sizes to distinguish between original and forged regions in a JPEG image, based on detecting single and double compressed blocks, without fully decompressing the JPEG image. In this direction, we propose a novel combination of raw histograms of the quantized DCT coefficients and corresponding quantization step sizes and use it as input to the counterpart standard CNN architectures designed to handle the proposed input representation for single vs. double JPEG compression detection. The proposed input is shown to have a minimal effect on performance with various standard CNN architectures that are designed to handle the proposed input for the task at hand. Specifically, we have utilized DenseNet to extract the compression-specific artifacts from the proposed input for additional experiments reported in this work. We considered a publicly available dataset generated with a diverse set of 1,120 quantization matrices. Using the proposed input to learn the compression artifacts outperforms the baseline methods for the blocks of sizes \(256 \times 256\), \(128 \times 128\), and \(64 \times 64\). Furthermore, in the case of test blocks compressed with completely different quantization matrices than matrices used in training, the proposed method outperforms the baseline methods. Consequently, improved forgery localization performances are obtained for forged JPEG images.

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Notes

  1. https://github.com/plok5308/DJPEG

  2. https://github.com/plok5308/DJPEG

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their insightful comments and valuable suggestions, which helped in improving the quality of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Multimedia Analysis and Security (MANAS) Lab, Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGN), Gandhinagar, India

    Vinay Verma

  2. Multimedia Analysis and Security (MANAS) Lab, Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar (IITGN), Gandhinagar, India

    Deepak Singh

  3. Multimedia Analysis and Security (MANAS) Lab, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai (IITBh), Gandhinagar, India

    Nitin Khanna

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  1. Vinay Verma
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Correspondence to Nitin Khanna.

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This material is based upon work partially supported by a grant from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India, under Award Number ECR/2015/000583. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies. Address all correspondence to Nitin Khanna at nitin@iitbhilai.ac.in.

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Verma, V., Singh, D. & Khanna, N. Block-level double JPEG compression detection for image forgery localization. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 9949–9971 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15942-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15942-5

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