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Reversible data hiding in encrypted JPEG image with changing the number of AC codes

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Abstract

A reversible data hiding (RDH) in encrypted JPEG images (JPEG-RDH-EI) with an adaptive encryption key generated by minimum coded units histogram (MCUH) is proposed. However, the marked encrypted images are vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) since the MCUH is unchanged during the encryption and RDH process, which allows the encryption key can be reproduced by the marked encrypted image. To improve the security of marked encrypted images, this paper changes the MCUH in the RDH process by 0-1 conversion (refers to changing the value of coefficients from 0 to 1). To reduce the file growth, this paper explores the condition that the 0-1 conversion without file growth first. Then, a histogram shift scheme with embeddable zero coefficients is designed. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can enhance the security of marked encrypted images by changing MCUH. In addition, the proposed algorithm has a smaller file growth and higher maximum embedding capacity than the existing histogram shift schemes since it embeds additional data in zero coefficients.

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The data generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant U1936113 and 61872303. In addition, many thanks to the editors and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and valuable suggestions, which helped a lot to improve the paper quality.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 999 Xi’an Road, Chengdu, 620010, China

    Yuan Yuan & He Hongjie

  2. School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, 999 Xi’an Road, Chengdu, 620010, China

    Fan Chen

  3. Beijing Institute Of Electronics Technology And Application, No. 15, Xinjian Gongmen Road, Beijing, 100142, China

    Changqi Yuan

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  1. Yuan Yuan
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Correspondence to Fan Chen.

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Yuan, Y., Hongjie, H., Chen, F. et al. Reversible data hiding in encrypted JPEG image with changing the number of AC codes. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 43649–43669 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14614-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14614-8

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