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An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking

  • 1207: Innovations in Multimedia Information Processing & Retrieval​
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Abstract

The imperceptibility and robustness properties of the watermarked image are the major requirements for maintaining the watermarked image similar to the original image and keeping the inserted watermark resistant under various attacks. In order to optimize the scaling factor for balancing between imperceptibility and robustness, this paper proposed a technique to generate scaling factors by considering the image content. The scaling factor is generated based on selected DCT coefficients of 4 × 4 DCT. The proposed watermarking can generate dynamic scaling factors for different DCT coefficients. The embedding regions are determined by using variance pixels, whereby the highest variance pixel was prioritised for the first embedding watermark. The watermark image pixels were scrambled by using an Arnold cat map before the watermark was embedded. This research uses 10 images from USC-SIPI image database to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the invisibility of the watermarked image with PSNR value of 45.38 dB rather than other watermarking schemes. The proposed watermarking showed superior performance against different types of attack.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Universiti Malaysia Pahang through the Research Grant Scheme PDU223208 and PGRS1903186.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computing, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Ferda Ernawan

  2. Faculty of Information Technology, Universitas Nusa Mandiri, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Ferda Ernawan

  3. Department of Informatic, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas AMIKOM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Dhani Ariatmanto

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  1. Ferda Ernawan
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  2. Dhani Ariatmanto
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Correspondence to Ferda Ernawan.

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Ernawan, F., Ariatmanto, D. An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking. Multimed Tools Appl 82, 8603–8621 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0

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