Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Robust crypto-watermarking approach based on spherical harmonics and AES algorithm for 3D mesh safe transmission

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The wide range of applications of 3D meshes and the birth of very high-speed networks for storing 3D models in remote multimedia databases have made the copyright protection of these objects a necessity. In order to contribute to safe sharing, transfer and indexing of 3D multiresolution meshes, a new crypto-watermarking approach is proposed based on spherical harmonics and AES encryption algorithm. Data to be inserted, in this case, is a grayscale image already encrypted using AES256 algorithm. The host mesh, to be watermarked, is decomposed using spherical harmonics to extract frequency coefficients and to compute optimal order for reconstruction. These coefficients undergo two watermarking iterations. During each round, modulation, insertion using quantification method and demodulation steps are implemented. Finally, reconstruction of watermarked mesh using a minimal number of coefficients is conducted. The results established show clearly that our algorithm protects the mesh quality even with the insertion of a large amount of information (a whole image) while ensuring real time execution. The application of various attacks (noise addition, coordinate quantization, smoothing, translation, rotation, uniform scaling and compression) to a watermarked mesh did not prevent the correct retrieval of inserted information. Our approach presents then an enhancement compared to existing ones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Code Availability

The code concerning this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

3D:

Three Dimension

AES:

Advanced Encryption Standard

MSQE:

Mean SQuare Erreur

PSNR:

Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

SHs:

Spherical Harmonics

SHsDecomposition:

Spherical Harmonics Decomposition

SHsReconst:

Spherical Harmonics Reconstruction

SHsCoeff:

Spherical Harmonics Coefficients

US:

Uniform scaling

References

  1. Ali A, Ahmad M, Alaa A (2017) Crypto-Watermarking Of transmitted medical images. J Digit Imaging 30(1):26–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Basyoni L, Saleh HI, Abdelhalim MB (2015) Enhanced watermarking scheme for 3D mesh models. In: CIT 2015 The 7th international conference on information technology, pp 612–619

  3. Borra S, Thanki R (2020) Crypto-watermarking scheme for tamper detection of medical images. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization 8(4):345– 355

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bülow T (2004) Spherical diffusion for 3-D surface smoothing. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal 26(12):1650–1654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chao HL, Min WC, Jyun YC, Cheng WY, Wei YH (2013) A high-capacity distortion-free information hiding algorithm for 3D polygon models. Int J Innov Comput Inf Control 9(3):1321–1335

    Google Scholar 

  6. Céline R, Frédéric P (2011) Remaillage semi-régulier pour les maillages surfaciques triangulaires: Un état de l’art. Revue Electronique Francophone d’Informatique Graphique, Association Française d’Informatique Graphique 5(11):27–40

    Google Scholar 

  7. Che X, Gao Z (2011) Watermarking algorithm for 3D mesh based on multi-scale radial basis functions. Int J Parallel Emergent Distrib Syst 27(2):133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 197, Announcing the ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES), 2001

  9. Frederic P, Marc A (2006) Mean square error approximation for wavelet based semi-regular mesh compression. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 12(4):649–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hamidi M, El Haziti M, Cherifi H, Aboutajdine D (2017) A robust blind 3-D mesh watermarking based on wavelet transform for copyright protection. In: International conference on advanced technologies for signal and image processing (ATSIP), pp 1–6

  11. Hitendra G, Krishna KK, Manish G, Suneeta A (2014) Uniform selection of vertices for watermark embedding in 3-D polygon mesh using IEEE754 floating point representation. In: International conference on communication systems and network technologies, pp 788–792

  12. Jallouli M, Belhaj khelifa W, Ben Mabrouk A, Mahjoub MA (2020) Toward recursive spherical harmonics issued bi-filters: Part II: An associated spherical harmonics entropy for optimal modeling. Soft Comput 24:5231–5243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Jen-Tse W, Yi-Ching Ch, Shyr-Shen Y, Chun-Yuan Y (2014) Hamming code based watermarking scheme for 3D model verification. International symposium on computer, Consumer and Control, pp 1095–1098

  14. Jing L, Yinghui W, Ye L, Ruijiao L, Jinlei C (2017) A robust and blind 3D watermarking algorithm using multiresolution adaptive parameterization of surface. Neurocomputing 237(C):304–315

    Google Scholar 

  15. Khalil OH, Elhadad A, Ghareeb A (2020) A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection. Imaging Sci J 68(2):90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kohli R, Kumar M (2013) FPGA Implementation of cryptographic algorithms using multi-encryption technique. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci Softw Eng 3(5):112–120

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Kohli R, Kumar M (2013) Optimized on system analysis using AES and X-tea. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci Softw Eng 3(2):18–25

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kumar BJS, Roshni Raj VK, Nair A (2017) Comparative Study on AES and RSA Algorithm for Medical images. In: International conference on communication and signal processing, pp 501–504

  19. Li L, Hangkai L, Wenqiang Y, Xiaoqing F, Jianfeng L, Chin-Chen C (2018) A watermarking mechanism with high capacity for three-dimensional mesh objects using integer planning. IEEE Multimed 25:49–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mateo MJ, Callaghan DJ, Donnell CP (2010) Comparison between red-green-blue imaging and visiblenear infrared reflectance as potential process analytical tools for monitoring syneresis. J Dairy Sci 93(5):1882–1889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mehan V (2018) Semi-blind secure watermarking based on integration of AES and ECC in DCT domain. J Adv Inf Fusion 13(1):106–121

    Google Scholar 

  22. Muna ML (2021) 3D model watermarking based on wavelet transform. Iraqi J Sci 62(12):4999–5007

    Google Scholar 

  23. Khalil OH, Ahmed E, Ghareeb A (2019) A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection. Imaging Sci J 68(2):90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Ben Amar C (2019) Crypto-watermarking system for safe transmission of 3D multiresolution meshes. Int J Multimed Tools Appli 78:13877–13903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sayahi I, Elkefi A, Ben Amar C (2016) A multi-resolution approach for blind watermarking of 3D meshes using scanning spiral method. Int Conf Comput Intell Secur Inform Syst 527:526–537

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shannon C (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27:379–423

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Sharma N, Panda J (2020) Statistical watermarking approach for 3D mesh using local curvature estimation. IET Inf Secur 14(6):745–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sridhar P, Sathiya RR (2017) Crypto-watermarking for secure and robust transmission of multispectral images. In: International conference on computation of power, energy information and communication, pp 153–163

  29. Wang K, Lavoué G, Denis F, Baskurt A Tatouage robuste et aveugle de maillage 3D base sur les moments volumiques. CORESA’09: COmpression et REprésentation des Signaux Audiovisuels, (2009), 6 pages

  30. Yang Y, Pintus R, Rushmeier R, Ivrissimtzis I (2016) A 3D steganalytic algorithm and Steganalysis-Resistant watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 23(2):1002–1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yuan YT (2016) An efficient 3D information hiding algorithm based on sampling concepts. Multimed Tools Appl 75:7891–7907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zaid AO, Hachani M, Puech W (2015) Wavelet-based high-capacity watermarking of 3-D irregular meshes. Multimed Tools Appl 74:5897–5915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhou X, Zhu Q (2012) A DCT-based dual watermarking algorithm for three-dimensional mesh models. In: International conference on consumer electronics, communications and networks, pp 1509–1513

Download references

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sousse, LATIS Laboratory of Advanced Technology and Intelligent Systems, Université de Sousse, 4023, Sousse, Tunisie

    Malika Jallouli

  2. Research Groups on Intelligent Machines Laboratory, University of sfax, ENIS, sfax, Tunisia

    Ikbel Sayahi

  3. Department of Mathematics, Higher Institute of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Kairouan, 3100, Kairouan, Tunisia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

  4. Laboratory of Algebra, Number Theory and Nonlinear Analysis, LR18ES15, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

  5. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Anouar Ben Mabrouk

Authors
  1. Malika Jallouli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ikbel Sayahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anouar Ben Mabrouk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The author confirms sole responsibility for the following: study and programming, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ikbel Sayahi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest for the present work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jallouli, M., Sayahi, I. & Mabrouk, A.B. Robust crypto-watermarking approach based on spherical harmonics and AES algorithm for 3D mesh safe transmission. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 38543–38567 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13113-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13113-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation