Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coordinate quantization transformation CityGML watermarking

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As most of the contents are becoming digitized, robust and invisible copyright notation of visible digital contents is required. In this paper, we proposed a blind watermarking method for CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) model using a group coordinate quantization transformation (CQT) algorithm. Firstly, the Vertices of CityGML models were extracted from a text file. Secondly, the candidate coordinate of the vertex set was selected and it was quantized by a given space. Then, the quantized vertex set groups were sorted and selected. Finally, the watermark was inserted by altering their mean values. We embedded the watermark on buildings or objects on the map and the data load should be guaranteed and imperceptible should be maintained. The proposed method is blind and efficient for CityGML data copyright protection compared to the existing method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. 3D city models. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_city_models. Accessed 13 Jan 2022

  2. A benchmark for 3D mesh watermarking. https://projet.liris.cnrs.fr/meshben/. Accessed 13 Jan 2022

  3. Bassia P, Pitas I, Nikolaidis N (2001) Robust audio watermarking in the time domain. IEEE Trans Multimed 3(2):232–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chang HJ, Jang BJ, Lee SH, Park SS, Kwon KR (2009) 3D GIS vector map watermarking using geometric distribution. In: 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. IEEE, pp 1014-1017

  5. Chen L, Zhao J (2020) A robust blind watermarking algorithm for depth-image-based rendering 3D images. Signal Process Image Commun 87:115935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cheng Q, Huang TS (2000) Blind digital watermarking for images and videos and performance analysis. In: 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME2000. Proceedings. Latest Advances in the Fast-Changing World of Multimedia (Cat. No. 00TH8532, vol 1). IEEE, pp 389-392

  7. Cho JW, Prost R, Jung HY (2006) An oblivious watermarking for 3-D polygonal meshes using distribution of vertex norms. IEEE Trans Signal Process 55(1):142–155

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. CityGML. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityGML. Accessed 13 Jan 2022

  9. Cox IJ (2008) Digital watermarking and steganography. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hong DJ, Kim JW (2019) CityGML Watermarking Using Homographs. Information and Communication Technology and Digital Convergence Business (ICIDB-2019)

  11. Hou JU, Kim DG, Lee HK (2017) Blind 3D mesh watermarking for 3D printed model by analyzing layering artifact. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 12(11):2712–2725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jiang DY, Kim JW (2018) Zero watermarking scheme for CityGML. J Theor Appl Inf Technol 96(22):7455–7463

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang DY, Kim JW (2018) A blind watermarking method for CityGML. In: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization, Computer Vision and Image Processing, Madrid, Spain, 17 – 20 July (2018), 229-236

  14. Jin RC, Kim JW (2019) Digital watermarking using group quantization for CityGML Objects. In: 2019 Eleventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE, pp 718-720

  15. Khalil OH, Elhadad A, Ghareeb A (2020) A blind proposed 3D mesh watermarking technique for copyright protection. Imaging Sci J 68(2):90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kim JW (2017) Digital watermarking model for CityGML. J MacroTrends in Technol and Innov 5(2):1-11. https://macrojournals.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/1TI17Ki.225555.pdf. Accessed 13 Jan 2022

  17. Kim YW, Moon KA, Oh IS (2003) A text watermarking algorithm based on word classification and inter-word space statistics. In: ICDAR, pp 775–779

  18. Li S, Ni R, Zhao Y (2017) A 3D mesh watermarking based on improved vertex grouping and piecewise mapping function. J Inf Hiding Multimed Signal Process 8(1):97e108

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ohbuchi R, Mukaiyama A, Takahashi S (2002) A frequency-domain approach to watermarking 3D shapes. Computer Graphics Forum, vol 21. Blackwell Publishing, Inc., Oxford, pp 373–382

    Google Scholar 

  20. Son J, Kim D, Choi HY, Jang HU, Choi S (2017) Perceptual 3D watermarking using mesh saliency. In International Conference on Information Science and Applications. Springer, Singapore, pp 315-322

  21. Song HS, Cho NI, Kim JW (2002) Robust watermarking of 3D mesh models. 2002 IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing. IEEE, pp 332–335

  22. Van Schyndel RG, Tirkel AZ, Osborne CF (1994) A digital watermark. In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Image Processing, vol 2. IEEE, pp 86-90

  23. Zafeiriou S, Tefas A, Pitas I (2005) Blind robust watermarking schemes for copyright protection of 3D mesh objects. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 11(5):596–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ruichen Jin

    Present address: HELIOSEN Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13487, Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Artificial Intelligence of Things, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Korea

    Jongweon Kim

Authors
  1. Ruichen Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jongweon Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jongweon Kim.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jin, R., Kim, J. Coordinate quantization transformation CityGML watermarking. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 8561–8573 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-11943-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-11943-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation