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A robust video zero-watermarking based on deep convolutional neural network and self-organizing map in polar complex exponential transform domain

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Abstract

In this paper, a robust video zero-watermarking scheme for copyright protection using a combination of convolutional neural network (CNN) and self-organizing map (SOM) in polar complex exponential transform (PCET) space is presented. The scheme is developed not only to remedy the existing problems of lacking in some performance assessments but also to enhance the robustness. It starts with extracting the content feature of each frame by CNN and then some significant frames are selected using SOM clustering and maximum entropy. Secondly, the PCET is applied to all selected frames to abstract invariant moments, and further, is scrambled by a chaotic logistic map and is reduced in dimensions by singular value decomposition (SVD). Next, a binary sequence is generated by comparing adjacent values of the obtained compact PCET moments in the previous step, and further is permuted to produce a binary matrix. Finally, a bitwise exclusive-OR operation is imposed on the binary matrix and the encrypted watermark by the chaotic map to generate a zero-watermark signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has adequate equalization and distinguishability of zero-watermarks as well as strong robustness against common signal processing, geometric, compression, and inter-frame attacks. Also, compared with existing video zero-watermarking and traditional video watermarking methods, the proposed scheme exhibits superior robustness.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFD0700400), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61671374), the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2019GY-080), and the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (Program Nos. 15JK1504 & 20JY053).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Science, Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, Shaanxi, China

    Yumei Gao, Xiaobing Kang & Yajun Chen

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  1. Yumei Gao
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  2. Xiaobing Kang
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  3. Yajun Chen
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Correspondence to Xiaobing Kang.

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Gao, Y., Kang, X. & Chen, Y. A robust video zero-watermarking based on deep convolutional neural network and self-organizing map in polar complex exponential transform domain. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 6019–6039 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09904-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09904-4

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