The methods of optical metallography, SEM, x-ray fluorescence analysis, microindentation and compression testing were used to study the effect of annealing of Ti – 6%Al – 4%V alloy produced by direct laser sintering of the powder on structure, phase composition and mechanical properties of the samples with cellular architecture intended for use as bone replacement implants. Annealing of the cellular samples having a relative density of 45% was conducted in the temperature range of 720 – 1000°C for 1 h under high vacuum. Mechanical properties were determined according to ISO 13314 for compression testing of porous metallic materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Lütjering and J. C. Williams, Titanium, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2007), 415 p.
M. Long and H. J. Rack, “Titanium alloys in total joint replacement — A materials science perspective,” Biomaterials, 19, 1621 – 1639 (1998).
F. G. Evans, “Mechanical properties and histology of cortical bone from younger and older men,” Anat. Rec., 185, 1 – 11 (1976).
O. Lindahl and A. G. Lindgren, “Cortical bone in man II. Variation in tensile strength with age and sex,” Acta Orthop. Scand., 38, 141 – 147 (1967).
J. Y. Rho, T. Y. Tsui, and G. M. Pharr, “Elastic properties of human cortical and trabecular lamellar bone measured by nanoindentation,” Biomaterials, 18, 1325 – 1330, (1997).
O. Lindahl, “Mechanical properties of dried defatted spongy bone,” Acta Orthop. Scand., 47, 11 – 19 (1976).
M. Ding, M. Dalstra, C. C. Danielsen, et al. “Age variations in the properties of human tibial trabecular bone,” J. Bone J. Surg., 79, 995 – 1002 (1997).
S. Gross and E. W. Abel, “A finite element analysis of hollow stemmed hip prostheses as a means of reducing stress shielding of the femur,” J. Biomechanics, 34, 995 – 1003 (2001).
J. Breme, “Titanium and its alloys for medical applications,” Titanium and Titanium Alloys, 423 – 449 (2003).
A. V. Karlov and V. P. Shakhov, External Fixation Systems and Regulatory Mechanisms of Optimal Biomechanics [in Russian], STT, Tomsk, 480 (2001).
D. Kenta, G. Wang, Z. Yu, et al. “Pseudoelastic behaviour of βTi – 25Nb – 3Zr – 3Mo – 2Sn alloy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527, 2246 – 2252 (2010).
M. Abdel-Hady, K. Hinoshita, and M. Moriaga, “General approach to phase stability and elastic properties of β-type Ti-alloys using electronic parameters,” Scr. Mater., 55, 477 – 480 (2006).
H. Ikehata, N. Nagasako, T. Furuta, et al. “First-principles calculations for development of low elastic modulus Ti alloys,” Phys. Rev., 70 (2004).
L. J. Gibson, M. F. Ashby, and B. A. Harley, Cellular Materials in Nature and Medicine, Cambridge University Press (2010), 305 p.
D. Kenta, G. Wang, Z. Yu, et al. “Pseudoelastic behaviour of βTi – 25Nb – 3Zr – 3Mo – 2Sn alloy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527, 2246 – 2252 (2010).
M. Abdel-Hady, K. Hinoshita, and M. Moriaga, “General approach to phase stability and elastic properties of β-type Ti-alloys using electronic parameters,” Scr. Mater., 55, 477 – 480 (2006).
I.-H. Oh, N. Nomura, N. Masahashi, et al. “Mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering,” Scr. Mater., 49, 1197 – 1202 (2003).
X. Wan, Trans. Nonferrouis Met. Soc. China, 21, 1335 – 1339 (2011).
H. Nakajima, T. Ikeda, and S. K. Hyun, Adv. Eng. Mat., 6(6), 377 – 384 (2004).
ISO 13314:2011, Mechanical Testing of Metals – Ductility Testing – Compression Test for Porous and Cellular Metals, ISO/TC 164/SC 2, Ductility Testing (2011), 7 p.
DIN 50134, Testing of Metallic Materials — Compression Test of Metallic Cellular Materials, Deutsches Institut für Normung (2008), 13 p.
C. E. Wen, Y. Yamada, K. Shimojima, et al. J. Mat. Res., 17(10), 2633 – 2639 (2002).
E. M. Lawrence, et al. “Metal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 14 (2012).
Lore Thijs, et. al. “A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti – 6% Al – 4% V,” Acta Mater., 58, 3303 – 3312 (2010).
P. Krakhmalev, “Deformation behavior and microstructure of Ti – 6% Al – 4% V manufactured by SLM,” Phys. Proc., 83, 778 – 788 (2016).
B. Vrancken, “Heat treatment of Ti – 6% Al – 4% V produced by selective laser melting: Microstructure and mechanical properties,” J. Alloys Comp., 541, 177 – 185 (2012).
E. Sallica-Leva, R. Caram, A. L. Jardini, et al. “Ductility improvement due to martensite α′ decomposition in porous Ti – 6% Al – 4% V parts produced by selective laser melting for orthopedic implants,” J. Mechan. Behavior Biomed. Mater., 54, 149 – 158 (2016).
Yu. N. Loginov, A. A. Popov, S. I. Stepanov, and Ye. Yu. Kovalyov, “Testing for sagging of the porous implant produced by the additive method from titanium alloy,” Titan, No. 3 (2017).
A. Popov, D. V. Gadeyev, A. G. Illarionov, “RF patent RU2498280, Method for determining temperature of full polymorphous transformation of heat-resistant two-phase titanium alloys of (α + β)-martensitic class,” Byull. Izobr. Polezn. Modeli, No. 23 (part 2), 3 (2014), publication date: August 20, 2014.
A. G. Illarionov, A. A. Popov, M. O. Leder, and A. V. Zhloba, “Formation of structure, phase composition and properties in a two-phase titanium alloy upon variation of the temperature and rate parameters of heat treatment,” Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 56(9 – 10), 499 – 504 (2015).
P. P. Pal-Val, Y. Loginov, S. L. Demakov, et al. “Unusual Young’s modulus behavior in ultrafine-grained and microcrystalline copper wires caused by texture changes during processing and annealing,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 618, 9 – 15 (2014).
This study was performed with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. A subsidy for realization of comprehensive projects to develop hi-tech manufacturing within the scope of implementation of the Resolution No. 218, phase 8 of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 9, 2010 under the topic “Creation of hi-tech digital manufacturing of precision metallic complexes for implantation on the basis of additive technologies,” Agreement No. 03.G25.31.0234 dated March 03, 2017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 42 – 48, May, 2018.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stepanov, S.I., Loginov, Y.N., Kuznetsov, V.P. et al. Effect of Annealing on the Structure and Properties of Titanium Alloy with Cellular Architecture for Medical Applications. Met Sci Heat Treat 60, 315–321 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-018-0278-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-018-0278-2