Abstract
Agriculture Farming activity near to rivers and coastal areas sometimes imply spills of chemical and fertilizers products in aquifers and rivers. These spill highly affect the water quality in rivers’ mouths and beaches close to those rivers. The presence of these elements can worse the quality for its normal use, even for its enjoying. When this polluted water reaches the sea can also have problematic consequences for fauna and flora. For this reason, it is important to rapidly detect where these spills are taking place and where the water does not have the minimum of quality to be used. In this article we propose the design and implementation of a LoRa (Long Range) based wireless sensor network for monitoring the quality of water in coastal areas, rivers and ditches with the aim to generate an observatory of water quality of the monitored areas. This network is composed by several wireless sensor nodes endowed with several sensors to physically measure parameters of water quality, such as turbidity, temperature, etc., and weather conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The data collected by the sensors is sent to a gateway that forwards them to our storage database. The database is used to create an observatory that will permit the monitoring of the environment where the network is deployed. We test different devices to select the one that presents the best performance. Finally, the final solution is tested in a real environment for checking its correct operation. Two different tests will be carried out. The first test checks the correct operation of sensors and the network architecture while the second test show us the devices performance in terms of coverage.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
SPAMIs. Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. Available at: http://www.rac-spa.org/spami [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE. “España en cifras 2018”. Available at: https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/2018/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf?uni=4f7e7b429c56ccbc4bf56b3e93ebc47b [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Panno SV, Hackley KC, Hwang HH, Greenberg SE, Krapac IG, Landsberger S, O’kelly DJ (2006) Characterization and identification of Na-Cl sources in ground water. Ground Water 44(2):176–187
Martínez-Bastida JJ, Arauzo M, Valladolid M (2010) Intrinsic and specific vulnerability of groundwater in central Spain: the risk of nitrate pollution. Hydrogeol J 18(3):681–698
Wakida FT, Lerner DN (2005) Non-agricultural sources of groundwater nitrate: A review and case study’. Water Res 39(1):3–16
Vo PT, Ngo HH, Guo W, Zhou JL, Nguyen PD, Listowski A, Wang XC (2014) A mini-review on the impacts of climate change on wastewater reclamation and reuse. Sci Total Environ 494–495:9–17
Belmonte Espejo P (2018). El Mar Menor, en la encrucijada. (Online Article). Published June 4, 2018. Available at: https://www.eldiario.es/murcia/murcia_y_aparte/Mar-Menor-encrucijada_6_778732142.html [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Vera Oliva MC (2018) Oliva prohibirá el baño en tres ríos al hallar restos fecales proceden-tes de acequias. (Online article), Published August 2, 2018. Available at: https://www.lasprovincias.es/safor/oliva-prohibira-bano-20180802002812-ntvo.html [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Autoridad Portuaria de Melilla – Puerto de Melilla, “Estudio Medioambiental”. Available at: http://www.puertodemelilla.es/images/documentos/ampliacion_puerto/estudio_impacto_ambiental.pdf [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Parra L, Sendra S, Jimenez JM, Lloret J (2015) Smart system to detect and track pollution in marine environments. In proc. of 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. on Com-munication Workshop (ICCW). London (UK), pp. 1503–1508
Xu G, Shi Y, Sun X, Shen W (2019) Internet of Things in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Review. Sensors 19(7):1711
Parra Boronat L, Sendra S, Lloret J, Bosch Roig I (2015) Development and test of conductivity sensor for monitoring groundwater resources to optimize the water management in Smart City environments. Sensors 15(9):20990–21015
Sendra S, Parra L, Lloret J, Jiménez JM (2015) Oceanographic multisensor buoy based on low cost sensors for posidonia meadows monitoring in mediterranean sea. J Sensors 920168
Ministerio de Fomento. Recomendaciones para obras marítimas ROM 5.1–13 - Calidad de las aguas litorales en áreas portuarias. Available at: http://www.puertos.es/gl-es/BibliotecaV2/ROM%205.1-13.pdf [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Parra L, Sendra S, Lloret J, Rodrigues JJ (2017) Design and deployment of a smart system for data gathering in aquaculture tanks using wireless sensor networks. Int J Commun Syst 30(16):e3335
Uche J, Martínez-Gracia A, Círez F, Carmona U (2015) Environmental impact of water supply and water use in a Mediterranean water stressed region. J Clean Prod 88:196–204
Pule M, Yahya A, Chuma J (2017) Wireless sensor networks: A survey on monitoring water quality. J Appl Res Technol 15:562–570
Adu-Manu KS, Tapparello C, Heinzelman W, Katsriku FA, Abdulai JD (2017) Water quality monitoring using wireless sensor networks: current trends and future research directions. ACM Trans Sensor Netw 30(1)
Jia Y (2020) LoRa-Based WSNs Construction and Low-Power Data Collection Strategy for Wetland Environmental Monitoring. Wireless Pers Commun 114:1533–1555
Yan-Ting L, Bo-Yi L, Xiao-Feng Y, Zong-Xuan C, Zi-Xian Y, Wei-Hong L, Song-Yi H, Jun-Lin L, Jing-Wen P, Jen-Yeu C (2018) A Solar powered long range real-time water quality monitoring system by LoRaWAN. 2018 27th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC). Hualien, Taiwan
Das B, Jain PC (2017) Real-time water quality monitoring system using Internet of Things. 2017 Int. Conf. on Computer, Communications and Electronics (Comptelix). Jaipur, India
Chen Y, Han D (2018) Water quality monitoring in smart city: A pilot project. Autom Constr 89:307–316
Simitha KM, Subodh Raj MS (2019) IoT and WSN based water quality monitoring system. In proc. of 2019 3rd International conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), June 2–14, 2019, Coimbatore, India, pp. 205–210
Wu N, Khan M (2019) LoRa-based internet-of-things: a water quality monitoring system. In: 2019 SoutheastCon, April 11–14, 2019, Huntsville, Alabama-USA, pp. 1–4
Saravanan K, Anusuya E, Kumar R, Son LH (2018) Real-time water quality monitoring using Internet of Things in SCADA. Environ Monit Assess 190:1–16
LoRa Documentation. Available online: https://lora.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Benites B, Chávez E, Medina J, Vidal R, Chauca M (2019) LoRaWAN applied in Swarm Drones: A focus on the use of fog for the management of water resources in Lima-Peru. In proc. of the 5th International Conference on Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering, February 16–19, 2019, Rome, Italy, pp. 171–176
Sanchez-Iborra R, Sanchez-Gomez J, Ballesta-Viñas J, Cano MD, Skarmeta AF (2018) Performance evaluation of LoRa considering scenario conditions. Sensors 18:772
The Things Network website. Available at: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
The Things Gateway features. In The Things Network website. Available at: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/gateways/gateway/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
The Things UNO features. In The Things Network website. Available at: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/devices/uno/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
WIFI LoRa 32 (V2) – Heltec Automation features. In Heltec website. Available at: https://heltec.org/project/wifi-lora-32/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Analog Turbidity Sensor features. Available at: https://wiki.dfrobot.com/Turbidity_sensor_SKU__SEN0189 [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Datasheet of DTH11 Sensor. Available online: https://components101.com/dht11-temperature-sensor. [Last access: A April 28, 2021]
Sharp GP2Y0A41SK0F sensor features. Available at: http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/2364614.pdf?_ga=2.92005150.540766343.1598431848-1376214988.1597914665 [Last access: August 20, 2021]
GY-GPS6MV2 sensor features. Available at: https://www.epitran.it/ebayDrive/datasheet/NEO6MV2.pdf [Last access: August 20, 2021]
LoRaWAN™ Architecture. In Microchip website. Available at: https://microchipdeveloper.com/lora:lorawan-architecture. [Last access: August 20, 2021]
UBIDOTS Platform. Available at: https://ubidots.com/platform/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
MQTT Specifications. Available at: https://mqtt.org/mqtt-specification/ [Last access: August 20, 2021]
Mostaza-Colado D, Carreño-Conde F, Rasines-Ladero R, Iepure S (2018) Hydrogeochemical characterization of a shallow alluvial aquifer: 1 baseline for groundwater quality assessment and resource management. Sci Total Environ 639(15):1110–1125
Khasawneh AM, Kaiwartya O, Abualigah LM, Lloret J (2020) Green computing in underwater wireless sensor networks pressure centric energy modeling. IEEE Syst J 14(4):4735–4745
Rathore RS, Sangwan S, Mazumdar S, Kaiwartya O, Adhikari K, Kharel R, Song H (2020) W-GUN: Whale optimization for energy and delay-centric green underwater networks. Sensors 20(5):1377
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sendra, S., Parra, L., Jimenez, J.M. et al. LoRa-based Network for Water Quality Monitoring in Coastal Areas. Mobile Netw Appl 28, 65–81 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-022-01994-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-022-01994-8