Skip to main content
Log in

GPS Interference Signal Recognition Based on Machine Learning

  • Published:
Mobile Networks and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is not only widely used in navigation, measurement and other services, but also an indispensable key equipment for the military. With the increasing complexity of the communication environment and the increasing number of interference factors, the recognition of GPS interference signal types is a prerequisite for the development of efficient anti-interference means. This paper focuses on three typical GPS interference signals, by extracting four different entropy features including power spectral entropy, establishing a hybrid entropy dataset and then using support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) methods so as to classify and identify the dataset. The results show that the RF has a high recognition rate for the interference signal, and the average accuracy is above 90%, which greatly exceeds the SVM. Also, in the three kinds of interference signals, the noise FM interference is the least concealed and the most easily recognized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Misra and P. Enge, “Global positioning system: signals, measurements and performance second edition,” Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements And Performance Second Editions,, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2006

  2. Li Q, Wang W, Xu D, Wang X (2014) A robust anti-jamming navigation receiver with antenna array and GPS/sins. IEEE Commun Lett 18(3):467–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Betz JW (2000) Effect of narrowband interference on GPS code tracking accuracy. Navigat New Millennium 1(1):16–27

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bek M, Elgamel S, Shaheen E, El-Barbary K (2013) Evaluation of the GPS carrier to noise ratio in the presence of different interference signals. IJAIEM 2(1):458–468

    Google Scholar 

  5. F. Bastide, E. Chatre, and C. Macabiau, “GPS interference detection and identification using multicorrelator receivers,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Sept. 2001

  6. Bek M, Shaheen EM, Elgamel SA (2015) Classification and math-ematical expression of different interference signals on a GPS receiver. NAVIGATION: J Inst Navigation 62(1):23–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jang J, Paonni M, Eissfeller B (2012) CW interference effects on tracking performance of GNSS receivers. IEEE Trans Aerospace and Electronic Syst 48(1):243–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. R. Kumar and J. Holmes, “An analysis of some important performance measures of GPS III signals,” in International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1530–1543, 2009

  9. Milstein LB (1988) Interference rejection techniques in spread spectrum communications. Proc IEEE 76(6):657–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Tu Y, Lin Y, Wang J, Kim J-U (2018) Semi-supervised learning with generative adversarial networks on digital signal modulation classification. Computer. Mater. Continua 55(2):243–254

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lin Y, Zhu X, Zheng Z, Dou Z, Zhou R (2019) The individual identification method of wireless device based on dimensionality reduction and machine learning. J Supercomput 75(6):3010–3027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu T, Guan Y, Lin Y (2017) Research on modulation recognition with ensemble learning. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2017(1):179–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang Z, Guo X, Lin Y (2018) Trust management method of d2d communication based on rf fingerprint identification. IEEE Access 6(1):66 082–66 087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang H, Li J, Guo L, Dou Z, Lin Y, Zhou R (2017) Fractal complexity-based feature extraction algorithm of communication signals. Fractals 25(4):1 740 008(1)–1 740 008(3)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shi C, Dou Z, Lin Y, Li W (2018) Dynamic threshold-setting for rf-powered cognitive radio networks in non-gaussian noise. Phys Commun 27(1):99–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wu R, Chen X, Han H, Zhao H, Lin Y (2018) Abnormal information identification and elimination in cognitive networks. Int J Performabil Eng 14(10):2271–2279

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shi Q, Kang J, Wang R, Yi H, Lin Y, Wang J (2018) A framework of intrusion detection system based on Bayesian network in IoT. Int J Performabil Eng 14(10):2280–2288

    Google Scholar 

  18. Liu S, Guo C, Al-Turjman F et al (2020) Reliability of response region: a novel mechanism in visual tracking by edge computing for IIoT environments. Mech Syst Signal Process 138(1):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu S, Bai W, Zeng N, Wang S (2019) A fast fractal based compression for MRI images. IEEE Access 7(1):62412–62420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Liu, W. Bai, G. Liu, et al, “Parallel fractal compression method for big video data,” Complexity, vol. 2018, no. 1, 2018

  21. Dou Z, Shi C, Lin Y, Li W (2017) Modeling of non-gaussian colored noise and application in CR multi-sensor networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2017(1):192–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Wu Z, Shang B, Gong F (2019) Carrier frequency estimation of time-frequency overlapped mask signals for underlay cognitive radio network. IEEE Access 7(1):58277–58285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin Y, Li Y, Yin X, Dou Z (2018) Multi-sensor fault diagnosis modeling based on the evidence theory. IEEE Trans Reliab 67(2):513–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang H, Guo L, Dou Z, Lin Y (2018) A new method of cognitive signal recognition based on hybrid information entropy and ds evidence theory. Mobile Networks Appl 23(4):677–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhiyu Z, Hao C, Ningning L (2009) Automatic recognition of multiple interferences and signals in the same channel based on ICA. IET 1(1):511–518

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yang XM, Tao R (2007) An automatic interference recognition method in spread spectrum communication system. J China Ordnance 3(3):215–220

    Google Scholar 

  27. Schuck TM, Shoemaker B, Willey J (2000) Identification friend-or-foe (IFF) sensor uncertainties, ambiguities, deception and their application to the multi-source fusion process. Natl Aerospace Electron Conf 1(1):85–94

    Google Scholar 

  28. Liu D, Liu J (2010) A novel signal recognition algorithm based on SVM in cognitive networks. 12th Int Conf Commun Technol 1(1):1264–1267

    Google Scholar 

  29. K. Borre, D. M. Akos, N. Bertelsen, P. Rinder, and S. H. Jensen, “A software-defined GPS and galileo receiver: a single-frequency approach,” Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 1, no. 1, Janu. 2007

  30. Sharawi MS, Akos DM, Aloi DN (2007) GPS c/n/sub 0/ estimation in the presence of interference and limited quantization levels. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 43(1):227–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hlawatsch F, Boudreaux-Bartels GF (1992) Linear and quadratic time-frequency signal representations. IEEE Signal Process Mag 9(2):21–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sandberg SD, Del Marco S, Jagler K, Tzannes MA (1995) Some alternatives in transform-domain suppression of narrow-band interference for signal detection and demodulation. IEEE Trans Commun 43(12):3025–3036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Van Der Veen AJ, Boonstra A-J (2004) Spatial filtering of RF interference in radio astronomy using a reference antenna. Int Conf Acoustics, Speech, Signal Process 2(1):181–189

    Google Scholar 

  34. S.-J. Kim and R. A. Iltis, “GPS c/a code tracking with adaptive beamforming and jammer nulling,” Conference Record of the Thirty-Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2002, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 975–979, 2002

  35. Prockup M, Ehmann AF, Gouyon F, Schmidt EM, Kim YE (2015) Modeling musical rhythmatscale with the music genome project. 2015 IEEE Workshop Appl Signal Process Audio Acoustics (WASPAA) 1(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  36. Steigenberger P, Montenbruck O, Hessels U (2015) Performance evaluation of the early cnav navigation message. Navigation: J Inst Navigation 62(3):219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Motella B, Presti LL (2014) Methods of goodness of fit for GNSS interference detection. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 50(3):1690–1700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sharma A, Amarnath M, Kankar P (2016) Feature extraction and fault severity classification in ball bearings. J Vib Control 22(1):176–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Amin HU, Malik AS, Ahmad RF, Badruddin N, Kamel N, Hussain M, Chooi W-T (2015) Feature extraction and classification for eeg signals using wavelet transform and machine learning techniques. Australasian Phys Eng Sci Med 38(1):139–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Guenther N, Schonlau M (2016) Support vector machines. Stata J 16(4):917–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Krawczyk B, Wo’zniak M, Schaefer G (2014) Cost-sensitive decision tree ensembles for effective imbalanced classification. Appl Soft Comput 14(1):554–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hosseini M-P, Hajisami A, Pompili D (2016) Real-time epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals via random subspace ensemble learning. IEEE Int Conf Autonomic Comput (ICAC) 1(1):209–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jie Xu.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xu, J., Ying, S. & Li, H. GPS Interference Signal Recognition Based on Machine Learning. Mobile Netw Appl 25, 2336–2350 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01608-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-020-01608-1

Keywords

Navigation