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Investigation of cytotoxic antiproliferative and antiapoptotic effects of nanosized boron phosphate filled sodium alginate composite on glioblastoma cancer cells

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Abstract

Background

The effects of nanosized boron phosphate-filled sodium alginate composite gel (SA/BP) on the biological characteristics of three types of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells (C6, U87MG and T98G) were examined in this study. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the composite gel on GBM, which was then compared to L929 healthy cells. Furthermore, wound healing, apoptosis, and colony formation capacities were evaluated. The investigation revealed that the SA/BP composite gel was successful in all GBM cells and could be used as a treatment agent for GBM and/or other invasive cancer types.

Methods and results

According to the results, the SA/BP composite gel had no effect on healthy fibroblast cells but had a lethal effect on all glioblastoma cells. Additionally, the wound healing method was used to examine the effect of the SA/BP composite gel on cell migration. It was discovered that the wound closed in 24 h in untreated control group cells, while the SA/BP composite gel closed up to 29.62%, 26.77% and 11.31% of the wound for C6, U87MG and T98G cell lines respectively. SA/BP significantly reduced cell migration in cancer cells. The effect of the generated SA/BP composite gel on cell colony development was assessed using a colony formation assay, and the cells reduced colony formation for all GBMs. It was roughly 45% for 24 h and 30% for 48 h when compared to the control group for C6 cells, 33%(24 h) and 40%(48 h) for U87MG cells, 40%(24 h) and 43%(48 h) for T98G cells. DAPI(4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole) and JC-1(5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine, iodide) staining to evaluate apoptosis revealed that the SA/BP composite gel dramatically enhanced the frequency of all GBMs undergoing apoptosis.

Conclusions

In line with experimental findings, it was observed that the SA/BP composite gel system did not affect healthy fibroblast cells but had a cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma cells, significantly reduced cell migration and colony-forming capacity of cells, and significantly increased apoptosis and depolarization of cell membranes. Based on all these findings, it can be said that SA/BP composite gel has cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antiapoptotic effects on different glioblastoma cells.

Graphical Abstract

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

BP:

Boron phosphate

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DAPI:

4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s Medified Eagle Medium

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

GBM:

Glioblastoma Multiforme

JC-1:

5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine, iodide

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide

PBS:

Phosphate Buffered Saline

SA:

Sodium Alginate Gel

SA/BP:

Boron Phosphate-Filled Sodium Alginate Composite Gel

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Fig.:

Figure

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler/İstanbul, Türkiye

    Fatma Sayan Poyraz & Banu Mansuroglu

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler/İstanbul, Türkiye

    Volkan Ugraskan & Ozlem Yazici

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Correspondence to Volkan Ugraskan.

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Fatma Şayan Poyraz: Conseptualization, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization, Writing-Review & Editing. Volkan Ugraskan: Conseptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Writing-Review & Editing. Banu Mansuroglu: Conseptualization, Validation, Methodology, Resources, Writing-Original Draft, Writing-Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision. Ozlem Yazici: Conseptualization, Validation, Methodology, Resources, Writing-Original Draft, Writing-Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision.

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Poyraz, F.S., Ugraskan, V., Mansuroglu, B. et al. Investigation of cytotoxic antiproliferative and antiapoptotic effects of nanosized boron phosphate filled sodium alginate composite on glioblastoma cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 50, 10257–10270 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08862-y

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