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Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India

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Abstract

Background

Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that can infect a wide range of animals and is widespread around the world. In this study, we analyzed four fatal cases of T. evansi infection using clinical, parasitological, and molecular approaches. We also explored the genetic diversity, demographic history, and population-genetic structure of T. evansi using available Rode Trypanozoon antigenic type (RoTat) 1.2 gene sequences.

Methods and results

Clinical findings of infected animals revealed high fever, anemia, weakness, and anorexia. The animals were treated with diminazene aceturate, which was moderately effective, and hematobiochemical parameters showed changes in hemoglobin and glucose levels. The molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi was analyzed using the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed two distinct clusters of T. evansi circulating in India. The genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, gene flow, and genetic differentiation outcomes confirmed the genetic diversity of the T. evansi population, with a lack of uniformity. The identification of two distinct clusters, exhibiting differential demographic histories and evolutionary forces, implies that the clusters may have undergone independent evolutionary trajectories or experienced different environmental pressures.

Conclusion

The present findings underlined the need of an early and precise diagnosis in order to treat and control T. evansi infections, and the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene is an important genetic marker for understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. evansi. This knowledge can be used to create tailored strategies to control and manage the infection in an endemic region.

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Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available within the manuscript and its supplementary material.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the Dean, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur, as well as the Director of Animal Biotechnology, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh for providing the necessary research facilities. We also thank the Officer-in-Charge of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex and staff members for their assistance in collecting the samples and aiding us.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India

    Rupesh Verma, Giridhari Das, Suman Kumar & Subhradal Nath

  2. Animal Biotechnology Centre, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Campus, Jabalpur, 482004, (MP), India

    Ajit Pratap Singh

  3. Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, 560064, KA, India

    Pinaki Prasad Sengupta

  4. Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, (UP), India

    Muthu Sankar

  5. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India

    Amita Tiwari

  6. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India

    Vandana Gupta

  7. Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India

    Shraddha Srivastava

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  1. Rupesh Verma
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Rupesh Verma], [Giridhari Das], [Ajit Pratap Singh], [Amita Tiwari] and [Shraddha Srivastava]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Rupesh Verma], [Pinaki Prasad Sengupta], [Muthu Sankar] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rupesh Verma.

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The authors of this manuscript declare that there is no conflict of interest in the above research work.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All ethical concerns were addressed during the conduct of the experiment. Blood collection was routine for the diagnosis of various diseases in an institutional teaching veterinary clinical complex, and the final diagnostic results were given to the animal owners. The animals were treated with the consent of their owners.

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Verma, R., Das, G., Singh, A.P. et al. Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India. Mol Biol Rep 50, 7347–7356 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08651-7

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