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Kaempferol suppresses androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer by regulating Ki67 expression

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Abstract

Purpose

Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid that has been reported to be active against many cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. In our previous study, we found kaempferol could act as a selective androgen receptor modulator, thereby suppress development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This finding inspired us to further explore the effect and the mechanism of action of kaempferol on prostate cancer.

Methods

Plate clone formation assay was performed to detect the effect of kaempferol on cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to detect the impact of kaempferol on cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the expression of gene and protein of Ki67 which is a biomarker of cell proliferation.

Results

In the present study, we found kaempferol could dramatically suppress androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells proliferation and induce their apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that kaempferol induced cell cycle to be arrested at G1 phase in 22Rv1 cells but at S and G2 phase in PC-3 cells. In addition, we detected the mRNA and protein of Ki67 which is corresponding to the cell proliferation and found that kaempferol could significantly inhibit Ki67 expression at mRNA level but increase its expression at protein levels in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.

Conclusion

Taken together, kaempferol inhibited the proliferation of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression of Ki67. These findings further shed light on the mechanism of action of kaempferol on anti-prostate cancer.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the natural science foundation of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (2018GXNSFBA281043), the scientific research and technology development of Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (AD20159033), the Guangxi first-class discipline construction project of Guangxi university of Chinese medicine (2018XK062) and the development program of high-level talent team under Qihuang project of Guangxi university of Chinese medicine (Grant No.2021003).

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Author notes

  1. Yimin Zhang and Jingqin Chen are contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China

    Yimin Zhang, Jingqin Chen, Wenxuan Fang, Kaoyun Liang, Yuzhou Pang, Gang Fang & Xueni Wang

  2. School of Foreign Languages, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530299, China

    Xiaoning Li

  3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study On Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China

    Fan Zhang

Authors
  1. Yimin Zhang
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  2. Jingqin Chen
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  3. Wenxuan Fang
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  4. Kaoyun Liang
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  5. Xiaoning Li
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  6. Fan Zhang
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  7. Yuzhou Pang
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  8. Gang Fang
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  9. Xueni Wang
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Contributions

XW, GF, YP designed the study and developed the methodology. YZ, JC, WF, KL, FZ were involved in performing the experiments and collected the data. XW, YZ and JC analyzed and interpreted the data. XW, YZ, JC, XL and GF wrote the original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Gang Fang or Xueni Wang.

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Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical statement

Animal experiment involved in this study was approved by the institutional committee for animal welfare of the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine.

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Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Fang, W. et al. Kaempferol suppresses androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer by regulating Ki67 expression. Mol Biol Rep 49, 4607–4617 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07307-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07307-2

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