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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GSK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Abstract

Background

Plant glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) proteins contain the conserved kinase domain and play a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and abiotic stress responses. Nonetheless, genome-wide analysis of the GSK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has not been reported.

Methods and results

Using high-quality wheat genome sequences, a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the GSK gene family in wheat was conducted. Their phylogenetics, chromosome location, gene structure, conserved domains, promoter cis-elements, gene duplications, and network interactions were systematically analyzed. In this study, we identified 22 GSK genes in wheat genome that were unevenly distributed on nine wheat chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the GSK genes from Arabidopsis, rice, barley, and wheat were clustered into four subfamilies. Gene structure and conserved protein motif analysis revealed that GSK proteins in the same subfamily share similar motif structures and exon/intron organization. Results from gene duplication analysis indicate that four segmental duplications events contribute to the expansion of the wheat GSK gene family. Promoter analysis indicated the participation of TaSK genes in response to the hormone, light and abiotic stress, and plant growth and development. Furthermore, gene network analysis found that five TaSKs were involved in the regulatory network and 130 gene pairs of network interactions were identified. The heat map generated from the available transcriptomic data revealed that the TaSKs exhibited preferential expression in specific tissues and different expression patterns under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, results from qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the randomly selected TaSK genes were abundantly expressed in spikes and grains at one specific developmental stage, as well as in responding to drought and salt stress.

Conclusions

These findings clearly depicted the evolutionary processes and the characteristics, and expression profiles of the GSK gene family in wheat, revealed their role in wheat development and response to abiotic stress responses.

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Data availability

The dataset generated or analyzed in this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Tian Tian, Peng Wang and Rui He for technical support.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Research Program Sponsored by Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, China (GSCS-2019-5, GHSJ-2020-Z4), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32160487), the National Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (Grant Nos. 21JR7RA828), and the Developmental Funds of Innovation Capacity in Higher Education of Gansu, China (2021B-125).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China

    Peipei Zhang, Tao Chen, Yuan Liu & Delong Yang

  2. College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China

    Linghui Zhang, Tao Chen, Fanli Jing, Yuan Liu, Jingfu Ma, Tian Tian & Delong Yang

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  3. Tao Chen
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  4. Fanli Jing
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  5. Yuan Liu
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  6. Jingfu Ma
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  7. Tian Tian
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  8. Delong Yang
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Contributions

Experimental design: PZ, LZ, TC; Conceptualization: PZ, TC, YL, DY; Methodology: PZ, LZ, FJ, DY; Formal analysis and investigation: PZ, TC, YL, JM; Writing—original draft preparation: PZ, FJ; Writing—review and editing: PZ, DY; Funding acquisition: PZ, DY; Resources: PZ, DY; Supervision: PZ, DY.

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Correspondence to Delong Yang.

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Zhang, P., Zhang, L., Chen, T. et al. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GSK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mol Biol Rep 49, 2899–2913 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-07105-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-07105-2

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