Abstract
The aim of this study was isolation and identification of the high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) enterococci in raw milk and dairy products and to analyze their antibiotic resistance and the presence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes. A total of 59 HLAR enterococci were isolated from raw milk and traditional cheese samples. Thirty-nine of the 59 HLAR enterococci were isolated on streptomycin-containing agar medium, while the other 20 HLAR strains were isolated on gentamicin containing agar medium. The 59 HLAR enterococci were identified as 26 E. faecalis (44.07%), 18 E. faecium (30.51%), 13 E. durans (22.03%), and two E. gallinarum (3.39%) by species-specific PCR. Disk diffusion tests showed that teicoplanin were the most effective antibiotics used in this study, while 89.83% of isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. High rates of multiple antibiotic resistance were detected in HLAR isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of HLAR enterococci against streptomycin and gentamicin were found in the range of 64 to > 4096 µg/mL. Forty-seven (79.66%) of the 59 HLAR enterococci were found to be both high-level streptomycin-resistant (HLSR) and high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) by MIC tests. However, no correlation was found between the results of the disk diffusion and MIC tests for gentamicin and streptomycin in some HLAR strains. The aph(3ʹ)-IIIa (94.92%) was found to be most prevalent AME gene followed by ant(4ʹ)-Ia (45.76%), ant(6ʹ)-Ia (20.34%) and aph(2ʹʹ)-Ic (10.17%). None of the isolates contained the aac(6ʹ)-Ie-aph(2ʹʹ)-Ia, aph(2ʹʹ)-Ib or aph(2ʹʹ)-Id genes. None of the AME-encoding genes were identified in E. durans RG20.1, E. faecalis RG22.4, or RG26.1. In conclusion, HLAR enterococci strains isolated in this study may act as reservoirs in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cariolato D, Andrighetto C, Lombardi A (2008) Occurrence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistances in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium collected from dairy and human samples in North Italy. Food Control 19:886–892
Foulquié Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E, De Vuyst L (2006) The role and application of enterococci in food and health. Int J Food Microbiol 106:1–24
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł (2016) Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from retail shrimps. LWT-Food Sci Technol 69:117–122
Inoğlu Z, Tuncer Y (2013) Safety assessment of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from Turkish tulum cheese. J Food Safety 33:369–377
Demirgül F, Tuncer Y (2017) Detection of antibiotic resistance and resistance genes in enterococci isolated from sucuk, a traditional Turkish dry-fermented sausage. Korean J Food Sci An 37(5):670–681
Franz CMAP, Stiles ME, Schleifer KH, Holzapfel WH (2003) Enterococci in foods-a conundrum for food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 88:105–122
Garrido AM, Gálvez A, Pulido RP (2014) Antimicrobial resistance in enterococci. J Infect Dis 2:1–7
Ferri M, Ranucci E, Romagnoli P, Giaccone V (2017) Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut 57(13):2857–2876
Sparo M, Delpech G, Garcia Allende N (2018) Impact on public health of the spread on high-level resistance to gentamicin and vancomycin in enterococci. Front Microbiol 9:3073. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03073
Mathur S, Singh R (2005) Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria a review. Int J Food Microbiol 105:281–295
Anonymous (2006) Yem katkıları ve premikslerin üretimi, ithalatı, ihracatı, satışı ve kullanımı hakkında tebliğde değişiklik yapılmasına dair tebliğ. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığından. Resmi Gazete 21 Ocak 2006. Sayı: 26056 Tebliğ No: 2006/1
Choi J-M, Woo G-J (2013) Molecular characterization of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from chicken meat in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 165:1–6
Lan YF, Zhang Li K, Huang SC, Rehman MU, Zhang LH, Luo HQ, Wang L, Han ZQ, Shahzad M, Li JK (2016) Prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci isolated from Tibetan pigs. Pak Vet J 36(4):503–505
Niu H, Yu H, Hu T, Tian G, Zhang L, Guo X, Hu H, Wang Z (2016) The prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme and virulence genes among enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Inner Mongolia, China. Braz J Microbiol 47:691–696
Shete V, Grover N, Kumar M (2017) Analysis of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes responsible for high-level aminoglycoside resistance among enterococcal isolates. J Pathog 2017:5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3256952
Jaimee G, Halami PM (2016) High-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Lactobacillus species from farm animals and commercial meat products. Ann Microbiol 66:101–110
Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME (2010) Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug Resist Updat 13:151–171
Bismuth R, Courvalin P (2010) Aminoglycosides and Gram-Positive Bacteria: Antibiogram, 3rd edn. ESKA, Portland
Pourcel G, Sparo M, Corso A, Delpech G, Gagetti P, de Luca MM, Bernstein J, Schell C, Lissarrague S, Basualdo JA (2017) Molecular genetic profiling of clinical and foodborne strains of enterococci with high level resistance to gentamicin and vancomycin. Clin Microbiol 6:272. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-5073.1000272
Vakulenko SB, Donabedian SM, Voskresenskiy AM, Zervos MJ, Lerner SA, Chow JW (2003) Multiplex PCR for detection of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1423–1426
Cancilla MR, Powell LB, Hillier AJ, Davidson BE (1992) Rapid genomic fingerprinting of Lactococcus lastis strains by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction with 32P and fluorescent labels. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:1772–1775
Morandi S, Brasca M, Andrighetto C, Lombardi A, Lodi R (2006) Technological and molecular characterisation of enterococci isolated from North-West Italian dairy products. Int Dairy J 16:867–875
Sahoo TK, Jena PK, Nagar N, Patel AK, Seshadri S (2005) In vitro evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria from the gut of Labeo rohita and Catla catla. Probiotics Antimicro Prot 7:126–136
Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Barrett JB (2004) Use of a genus- and species-specific multiplex PCR for identification of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 42(8):3558–3565
Yogurtcu NN, Tuncer Y (2013) Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Enterococcus strains isolated from Turkish Tulum cheese. Int J Dairy Technol 66:236–242
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2016. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, twenty-six informational supplement. M100-S26, Wayne, PA, USA
Poyart C, Quesnes G, Trieu-cuot P (2000) Sequencing the gene encoding manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase for rapid species identification enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 38:415–418
Bouymajane A, Filali FR, Oulghazi S, Ed-dra A, Benhallam F, El Allaoui A, Anissi J, Sendide K, Ouhmidou B, Moumni M (2018). Occurrence, molecular and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw cow’s milk trade by street trading in Meknes city, Morocco. GERMS 8(2):77-84
Tuncer M, Özden Tuncer B, Tuncer Y (2014) Safety evaluation of enterocin B producer Enterococcus faecalis MYE58 strain isolated from raw milk. Gıda 39(5):275–282
Avcı M, Özden B (2017) Safety evaluation of enterocin producer Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from traditional Turkish cheeses. Pol J Microbiol 66(2):223–233
Kürekci C, Önen Pehlivanlar S, Yipel M, Aslantaş Ö, Gündoğdu A (2016) Characterisation of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profile of enterococci from cheeses in Turkey. Korean J Food Sci An 36(3):352–358
Russo N, Caggia C, Pino A, Teresa MC, Arioli S, Randazzo CL (2018) Enterococcus spp. in Ragusano PDO and Pecorino Siciliano cheese types: a snapshot of their antibiotic resistance distribution. Food Chem Toxicol 120:277–286
Sanlibaba P, Senturk E (2018) Prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from traditional cheeses in Turkey. Int J Food Prop 21(1):1955–1963
Amini F, Krimpour HA, Ghaderi M, Vaziri S, Ferdowsi S, Azizi M, Amini S (2018) Prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Enterococcus strains in Kermanshah. Iran. Iran J Med Sci 43(5):487–493
El-Ghazawy IF, Okasha HAS, Mazloum SM (2016) A study of high level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci. Afr J Microbiol Res 10(16):572–577
Mendiratta DK, Kaur H, Deotale V, Thamke DC, Narang R, Narang P (2008) Status of high level aminoglycoside resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in a rural hospital of central India. Indian J Microbiol 26:369–371
Bi R, Qin T, Fan W, Ma P, Gu B (2018) The emerging problem of linezolid-resistant enterococci. J Glob Antimicrob Re 13:11–19
Fard RMN, Heuzenroeder MW, Barton MD (2011) Antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance in commensal enterococci isolated from pigs. Vet Microbiol 148:276–282
Yüceer Ö, Özden Tuncer B (2015) Determination of antibiotic resistance and biogenic amine production of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented Turkish sausage (sucuk). J Food Safety 35:276–285
Agarwal J, Kalyan R, Singh M (2009) High-level aminoglycoside resistance and beta-lactamase production in enterococci at a tertiary care hospital in India. Jpn J Infect Dis 62:158–159
Jain S, Kumar A, Kashyap B, Kaur IR (2011) Clinico-epidemiological profile and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococcal septicemia from a tertiary care hospital in East Delhi. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 1:80–83
Jyothi P, Metri B, Peerapur B (2014) High level resistance to aminoglycosides in urinary isolates of enterococci. Ann Med Health Sci Res 4(1):58–59
Akers KS, Chaney C, Barsoumian A, Beckius M, Zera W, Yu X, Guymon C, Keen EF III, Robinson BJ, Mende K, Murray CK (2010) Aminoglycoside resistance and susceptibility testing errors in Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. J Clin Microbiol 48(4):1132–1138
Hope R, Mushtaq S, James D, Pllana T, Warner M, Livermore DM (2010) Tigecycline susceptibility testing group. Tigecycline activity: low resistance rates but problematic disc breakpoints revealed by a multicentre sentinel survey in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:2602–2609
İşeri L, Şahin E, Dolapçı İ, Yürüken Z (2016) Minimum inhibitory concentration values and problematic disk break points of tigecycline against vancomycin and/or high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci. Alexandria J Med 52:125–129
Liu JW, Ko WC, Huang CH, Liao CH, Lu CT, Chuang YC, Tsao SM, Chen YS, Liu YC, Chen WY, Jang TN, Lin HC, Chen CM, Shi ZY, Pan SC, Yang JL, Kung HC, Liu CE, Cheng YJ, Chen YH, Lu PL, Sun W, Wang LS, Yu KW, Chiang PC, Lee MH, Lee CM, Hsu GJ, Hsueh PR (2012) Agreement assessment of tigecycline susceptibilities determined by the disc diffusion and broth micro dilution methods among commonly encountered resistant bacterial isolates: results from the tigecycline in vitro surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, 2008 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(3):1414–1417
Oliviera M, Santos V, Fernandes A, Nunes SF, Bernardo F, Vilela CL (2010) Pitfalls of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci isolated from farming broilers by disk diffusion method. Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial biotechnology (A. Méndez-Vilas Ed). Formatex
Feizabadi MM, Maleknejad P, Asgharzadeh A, Asadi S, Shokrzadeh L, Sayadi S (2006) Prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes genes among isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Iran. Microb Drug Resist 12:265–268
Jamet E, Akary E, Poisson MA, Chamba JF, Bertrand X, Serror P (2012) Prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis in French cheeses. Food Microbiol 31:191–198
Khani M, Fatollahzade M, Pajavand H, Bakhtiari S, Abiri R (2016) Increasing prevalence of aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates due to the aac(6’)-aph(2”) gene: a therapeutic problem in Kermanshah. Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 9(3):1–5
Ramin B, Asadpour L, Tehrani HF, Amirmozafari N (2017) Detection and distribution of various HLAR gene in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium by multiplex-PCR. Mod Med Lab J 1(2):68–76
Li W, Li J, Wei Q, Hu Q, Lin X, Chen M, Ye R, Lv H (2015) Characterization of aminoglycoside resistance and virulence genes among Enterococcus spp. isolated from a hospital in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:3014–3025
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Project No. 4739-YL1-16 from the Scientific Research Fund of the Süleyman Demirel University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RÖ isolated the bacteria. RÖ and YT, performed experiments and data analysis. RÖ and YT designed experiments. YT wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özdemir, R., Tuncer, Y. Detection of antibiotic resistance profiles and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes in high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) enterococci isolated from raw milk and traditional cheeses in Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 47, 1703–1712 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05262-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05262-4