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Effect of gluten diet on blood innate immune gene expressions and stool consistency in Spix’s Saddleback Tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis) raised in captivity

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Abstract

The callitrichids are non-human primates that feed on insects and plant matter in nature, but in captivity, they are fed mostly an artificial diet containing amounts of gluten, in their toxic forms in items such as wheat, barley and rye. The aim of this research was to estimate the blood β-defensin and Toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) gene expressions and to analyze the stool consistency (firm, soft, diarrheic) in Leontocebus fuscicollis raised in captivity. Blood samples of animals under gluten-free and gluten diets were collected and their fecal output quality was periodically monitored and classified during the course of the study. Gene expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. The stool consistencies of individuals fed a gluten diet were most frequently soft or diarrheic, while it was mostly normal in individuals fed a gluten-free diet. β-Defensin expression increased in individuals fed a gluten diet, but decreased after 15 days. Expression normalized between 30 and 45 days on a gluten-free diet. However, expression of the TLR5 gene did not change under a gluten diet. A gluten diet affects stool quality, and brings about an immediate increase in blood β-defensin expression in the beginning but decreases after 15 days.

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Abbreviations

GD:

Gluten diet

GFD:

Gluten free diet

RT-PCR:

Real time-polymerase chain reaction

TLR :

Toll like receptor

GAPDH :

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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Acknowledgements

Thanks go to the National Primate Center for every support required for the animals and workers. We also thank the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for funding this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Nutrição, Escola Superior da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Taianara Tocantins Gomes Almeida

  2. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Maria Vivina Barros Monteiro & Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves

  3. Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Rafaelle Casseb Guimarães, Alexandre Rosário Casseb, Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro & Ednaldo Silva Filho

  4. Primatology Research Institute (PRI), Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan

    Michael Alan Huffman

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  1. Taianara Tocantins Gomes Almeida
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Correspondence to Ednaldo Silva Filho.

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The authors declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

All procedures that use animals were in accordance with the norms established by the National Council of Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) of Brazil. All experimental procedures were registered on the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System of the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity (SISBIO/ICMBIO, protocol number 47969-1) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Use at the Evandro Chagas Institute (CEUA/IEC, Protocol Number 17/2015).

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Almeida, T.T.G., Monteiro, M.V.B., Guimarães, R.C. et al. Effect of gluten diet on blood innate immune gene expressions and stool consistency in Spix’s Saddleback Tamarin (Leontocebus fuscicollis) raised in captivity. Mol Biol Rep 46, 3617–3623 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-04576-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-04576-8

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