Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Oxidative stress elevated DNA damage and homocysteine level in normal pregnant women in a segment of Pakistani population

  • Published:
Molecular Biology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy may impair fetal growth and help in the development of diseases in adulthood. The aim of current study was to assess total oxidation status (TOS), related parameters and their relationship to DNA damage (%) and homocysteine level in normal pregnant women in low-income participants. In a cross-sectional study healthy women were grouped as normal, while age matched nulliparous and singleton pregnancies were included for first, second and third trimester groups. TOS (P < 0.01), melanodialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.01), triiodothyronine (T3) (P < 0.01), thyroxine (T4) (P < 0.01), and homocysteine (P < 0.001), in pregnant women were significantly higher as compared to normal healthy women. While serum total proteins (P < 0.01), albumin (P < 0.01) and total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.001) decreased significantly as compared to normal healthy women. Women in third trimester showed a significantly high level of body temperature (P < 0.01), triglyceride (P < 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05), AST (P < 0.01), T3 (P < 0.01), homocysteine (P < 0.001), TOS (P < 0.01) and MDA (P < 0.001) but a lower concentration of serum proteins, albumin and TAS at the end of the pregnancy. Pearson correlation indicated a positive relationship of homocysteine with triglycerides (P < 0.027), TOS (P < 0.01), MDA (P < 0.035) and had a negative relationship with total protein (P < 0.026). DNA damage was strongly related with T3 (P < 0.008), TOS (P < 0.02), MDA (P < 0.037) and MBI (P < 0.048) profiles of pregnant women. These changes were considered normal for pregnant women having optimum blood pressure and normal child birth. Hormonal influences and hemodilution may contribute towards the observed changes in this study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. King JC (2000) Determinants of maternal zinc status during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1334S–1343S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization (2001) Iron deficiency anemia, assessment, prevention, and control: a guide for program managers. WHO Press, Geneva, pp 50–51

    Google Scholar 

  3. Toescu V, Nuttal SL, Martin U, Kendall MJ, Dunne F (2002) Oxidative stress and normal pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 57:609–613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, Antelman G, Mbise R, Herrera G, Kapiga S, Willett W, Hunter DJ (1998) Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 351(9114):1477–1482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. West K P Jr, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, Shrestha SR, Connor PB, Dali SM, Christian P, Pokhrel RP, Sommer A (1999) Double blind, cluster randomized trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group. British Med J 318:570–575

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bojar I, Wdowiak L, Humeniu E, Blaziak P (2006) Changes in the quality of diet during pregnancy in comparison with WHO and EU recommendations–environmental and sociodemographic conditions. Ann Agric Environ Med 13:281–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Steegers-Theunissen RP, Carola A, Iersel V, Peer PG, Willianne L, Nelen SteegersEA (2004) Hyper homocysteinemia, pregnancy complication, and the timing of investigation. Obstet Gynecol 104:336–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Walsh SW, Sinopoulos AP, Karger S (1994) Hypertension in pregnancy. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Switzerland, pp 114–118

    Google Scholar 

  9. Abrams B, Altman S, Pickett K (2000) Pregnancy weight gain: still controversial. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1233S–1241S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Scholl TO, Johnson WG (2000) Folic acid: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):1295S–1303S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tang L, Mamotte CD, Van Bockxmeer FM, Taylor RR (1998) The effect of homocysteine on DNA synthesis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle. Atherosclerosis 136:169–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Erel O (2004) A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clin Biochem 37:112–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Erel O (2005) A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 38:1103–1111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Martin FL, Cole KJ, Orme MH, Grover PL, Phillips DH, Venitt S (1999) The DNA repair inhibitors hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside enhance the sensitivity of the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (‘comet’) assay in metabolically-competent MCL-5 cells. Mutat Res 445:21–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Martin FL, Cole KJ, Williams JA, Millar BC, Harvey D, Weaver G, Grover PL, Phillips PH (2000) Activation of genotoxins of DNA-damage species in exfoliated breast milk cells. Mutat Res 470:115–124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Martin FL, Venitt S, Carmichael PL, Crofton-Sleigh C, Stone EM, Cole KJ, Gusterson BA, Grover PL, Phillips DH (1997) DNA damage in breast epithelial cells: detection by the single-cell gel (comet) assay and induction by human mammary lipid extracts. Carcinogenesis 18:2299–2305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Duncan DB (1955) Multiple range, multiple F-test. Biometrics 11(1–2):1–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA (1992) Principles and procedures of statistics, 3rd edn. McGraw Hill Book Co Inc, New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Branch DW (1992) Physiologic adaptations of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 28(3–4):120–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stock MJ, Metcalfe J (1994) Maternal physiology during gestation. In: Knobil E, Neil JD (eds) The physiology of reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp 947–987

    Google Scholar 

  21. LaBorde JB, Wall KW, Bolon B, Kumpe TS, Patton R, Zheng Q, Kodell R, Young JF (1999) Haematology and serum chemistry parameters of the pregnant rat. Lab Anim 33:275–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jong ND, Ampong RS, Gibson B (2002) Zinc and iron status during pregnancy of Filipino women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11(3):186–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Zupan J (2003) Perinatal mortality and morbidity in developing countries: a global view. Med Trop (Mars) 63:366–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lopes AA, Port FK (1995) The low birth weight hypothesis as plausible explanation for the black/white differences in hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 25:350–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Jafar TH, Levey AS, White F, Gul A, Rahbar MH, Khan MQ, Hattersley A, Schmid CH, Chaturvedi N (2003) Ethnic subgroup differences in hypertension in Pakistan. J Hypertens 21:905–912

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nickolas TA, Faris RP, Myers L, Berenson GS (1995) Impact of meat consumption on nutritional quality and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa heart study. J Am Diet Assoc 95:887–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Venkata C, Ram S (1995) Hypertension and other cardiac risk factor among Asian Indians. Am J Hypertens 8:124S–127S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pipkin FB, Sharif J, Lal S (1998) Predicting high blood pressure in pregnancy: a multivariate approach. J Hypertens 16:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sivan E, Carol J, Homoko C, Xinhua EA, Boden G (1999) Longitudinal study of carbohydrate metabolism in healthy obese pregnant women. Diabetes Care 20:1470–1475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Guyton AC, Hall JE (2000) Text book of medical physiology, 10th edn. W.B. Sanders Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sattar N, Greer IA, Louden J, Lindsay G, McConnell M, Shepherd J, Packard C (1997) Lipoprotein subfraction changes in normal pregnancy: threshold effect of plasma triglyceride on appearance of small, dense low density lipoprotein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2483–2491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brizzi P, Tonolo G, Esposito F, Puddu L, Dessole S, Maioli M, Milia S (1999) Lipoprotein metabolism during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181:430–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaaja R (1998) Insulin resistance syndrome in preeclampsia. Sem Reprod Endocrinol 16:41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Choi JW, Pai SH (2000) Serum lipid concentration changes with serum alkaline phosphatase activity during pregnancy. Ann Clin Lab Sci 30(4):422–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Winkler K, Wetzka B, Hoffmann MM, Friedrich I, Kinner M, Baumstark MW, Wieland H, Marz W, Zahradnik HP (2000) Low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions during pregnancy: accumulation of buoyant LDL with advancing gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(12):4543–4550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Alvarez JJ, Montelogo A, Glesias AL, Lasumcion MA, Herra E (1996) Longitudinal study on lipoprotein profile, high-density lipoprotein subclass, and post heparine lipases during gestation in women. J Lipid Res 67(10):481–487

    Google Scholar 

  37. Julius U, Fritsch H, Fritsch W, Rehak E, Fucker K, Leonhardt W, Hanefeld M (1994) Impact of hormone replacement therapy on postparndial lipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) in normolipidemic postmenopausal women. Clin Investig 72:502–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Javed MT, Almas K, Cheema ST, Zahoor T, Alia (2000) A study on serum proteins in diabetic and non-diabetic, pregnant and menopausal women of two socio-economic status. Med J Islam Acad Sci 13(4):155–160

    Google Scholar 

  39. Buul EJA, Steegers EAP, Jongsma HW, Eskes TAB, Thomas CMG, Hein PR (1995) Haematological and biochemical profile of uncomplicated pregnancy in nulliparous women; a longitudinal study. Neth J Med 46:73–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gonzalez MJR, Alonso AJ, Alonso MP, Prieto F, Garcia P, Erenti F (1994) Serum protein level during pregnancy in sheep. Proceedings of the 26th Congress of the Italian Association of Buiatics, 2:1180–1184

  41. Carter J (1990) Liver function in normal pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol 30(4):296–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR (1994) Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med 331:1072–1078

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Soldin OP (2006) Thyroid function testing in pregnancy and thyroid disease: trimester-specific reference intervals. Ther Drug Monit 28(1):8–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Glinoer D, McGuire RA, Gershengorn MC, Robbins J, Berman M (1997) Effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin metabolism in Rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 100:9–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fisher DA, Polk DH, Wu SY (1994) Fetal thyroid metabolism: a pluralistic system. Thyroid 4:367–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. McPartin J, Halligan A, Scott JM, Darling M, Weir DG (1993) Accelerated folate breakdown in pregnancy. Lancet 341:148–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ueland OPM (1995) Homocysteine species as components of plasma redox thiol status. Clin Chem 41:340–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Young PB, Kennedy S, Molloy AM, Scott JM, Weisend DG, Vennedy DG (1997) Lipid peroxidation induced in vivo by hyperhomocysteinaemia in pigs. Atherosclerosis 129:67–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. De Vriese SR, Dhont M, Christophe AB (2001) Oxidative stability of low density lipoproteins and vitamin E levels increase in maternal blood during normal pregnancy. Lipids 36:361–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Welch CN, Upchurch G Jr, Loscalzo J (1997) Hyperhomocysteinemia and altherothrombosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 811:48–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mikhail MS, Anyaegvunam A, Garfinkel D, Palan PR, Baus J, Romney S (1994) Preeclampsia and antioxidant nutrients: decreased plasma levels of reduced ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in women with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:150–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rajkovic A, Mahomed K, Malinow MR, Sorenson TK, Woelk GB, Williams MA (1999) Plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations in eclamptic and preeclamptic African women postpartum. Obstet Gynecol 94:335–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and University of the Punjab. Higher Education Commission provided some funds for purchase of equipment. Some chemicals were purchased through a USAID grant funds under PSTC 6.613. Technical staff is thanked for analytical help.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Shazia A. Bukhari

  2. Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College (GC) University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ibrahim Rajoka, Z. Ibrahim & Shahid Mahboob Rana

  3. National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Fatima Jalal

  4. Department of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 56459, Pakistan

    Saeed A. Nagra

Authors
  1. Shazia A. Bukhari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Ibrahim Rajoka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z. Ibrahim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fatima Jalal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shahid Mahboob Rana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Saeed A. Nagra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Ibrahim Rajoka.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 28 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bukhari, S.A., Rajoka, M.I., Ibrahim, Z. et al. Oxidative stress elevated DNA damage and homocysteine level in normal pregnant women in a segment of Pakistani population. Mol Biol Rep 38, 2703–2710 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0413-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0413-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation