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Recent advances in the green synthesis of Betti bases and their applications: a review

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Abstract

Well-known Betti bases are the products obtained by the one-pot multicomponent reaction of 1-naphthol/2-naphthol, aliphatic/aromatic aldehydes, and secondary amines, and this reaction is known as the Betti reaction. During recent years, due to the unveiling of the pharmacological and synthetic potential of Betti bases, a tremendous increase in the studies reporting novel synthetic methods for the efficient synthesis of Betti bases was observed. This review presents the recent key developments in the green synthesis of the Betti bases and accounts for the significant number of the literature reported during 2019–2022. Both catalyst free as well as the catalyst promoted synthesis (nanocatalyst, biocatalyst, transition metal catalyst, etc.) along with the synthetic applications (catalyst, ligands/chiral auxiliaries, and valuable synthons), optoelectronic applications (fluorescence sensors for phosgene gas, Hg2+, and Cr3+ detection, quasi-reversible redox potential) and biological properties (anticancer agents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, antitubercular agents, pesticidal agents, anti-Alzheimer agents, Topoisomerase I inhibitors, YAP-TEAD interaction inhibitors, and DNA binding and cleavage activity) are discussed.

Graphical abstract

There is a surge of interest for the development of the green and efficient Betti reaction for the construction of C–C and C–N bond in a single-step reaction accessing Betti bases as products. Along with key methodological developments for the green synthesis of Betti bases, their applications in synthetic organic chemistry, optoelectronic sensors, advanced materials synthesis, agrochemicals and pharmaceutically active scaffolds, during the period of 2019–2022, have been considered.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Ramsha Iftikhar

  2. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Muhammad Kamran

  3. School of Biochemistry, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Aleesha Iftikhar

  4. Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad (Layyah Campus), Layyah, Pakistan

    Sadia Parveen

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Naila Naeem

  6. Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Nazia Jamil

Authors
  1. Ramsha Iftikhar
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  2. Muhammad Kamran
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  3. Aleesha Iftikhar
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  4. Sadia Parveen
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  5. Naila Naeem
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  6. Nazia Jamil
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Correspondence to Ramsha Iftikhar.

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Iftikhar, R., Kamran, M., Iftikhar, A. et al. Recent advances in the green synthesis of Betti bases and their applications: a review. Mol Divers 27, 543–569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-022-10427-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-022-10427-3

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