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Molecular evolution of toxin genes in Elapidae snakes

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Abstract

The venom of the sea krait, Laticauda semifasciata, consists primarily of two toxic proteins, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and a three-finger-structure toxin. We have cloned both toxic protein genes, including the upstream region. PLA2 genes contain three types of inserted sequences: an AG-rich region, a chicken repeat 1-like long interspersed nucleotide element sequence and an intron II 3′ side repeat sequence. The molecular divergence of L. semifasciata PLA2 genes was defined on the basis of the inserted sequences and their sequence homology. The length of intron I in the three-finger-structure toxin genes differs from species to species. The alignment analysis of intron I of the three-finger-structure toxin genes revealed that the intron I sequence of the ancestral gene comprised ten genetic regions. A hypothetical evolutionary process for the three-finger-structure toxin genes has also been developed.

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Abbreviations

APLA2 :

Acidic phospholipase A2

amdC:

Ammodytoxin C

b-btx:

β-Bungarotoxin

Bm:

Bungarus multicinctus

CR1:

Chicken repeat 1

Etx:

Erabutoxin

Etxa:

Erabutoxin a

Etxb:

Erabutoxin b

Etxc:

Erabutoxin c

Gg:

Gallus gallus

LINE:

Long interspersed nucleotide elements

Ls:

Laticauda semifasciata

MAR:

Matrix attached region

nAChR:

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

Ps:

Platemys spixii

SINE:

Short interspersed nucleotide elements

snoRNA:

Small nucleolar RNA

TBP:

TATA box binding protein

Tf:

Trimeresurus flavoviridis

Tg:

Trimeresurus gramineus

Va:

Vipera ammodytes

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan

    Toru Tamiya & Takahiko J. Fujimi

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  1. Toru Tamiya
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  2. Takahiko J. Fujimi
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Correspondence to Toru Tamiya.

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Tamiya, T., Fujimi, T.J. Molecular evolution of toxin genes in Elapidae snakes. Mol Divers 10, 529–543 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-006-9049-x

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