Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of co-benefits for traditional air pollutants made possible through global climate policies using the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model in the time horizon up to 2050. The impact analysis is based on projections of energy consumption provided by the Prospective Outlook for the Long term Energy System (POLES) model for a scenario without any global greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, and for a 2°C climate policy scenario which assumes internationally coordinated action to mitigate climate change. Outcomes of the analysis are reported globally and for key world regions: the European Union (EU), China, India and the United States. The assessment takes into account current air pollution control legislation in each country. Expenditures on air pollution control under the global climate mitigation regime are reduced in 2050 by 250 billion € when compared to the case without climate measures. Around one third of financial co-benefits estimated world-wide in this study by 2050 occur in China, while an annual cost saving of 35 billion (Euros) € is estimated for the EU if the current air pollution legislation and climate policies are adopted in parallel. Health impacts of air pollution are quantified in terms of loss of life expectancy related to the exposure from anthropogenic emissions of fine particles, as well as in terms of premature mortality due to ground-level ozone. For example in China, current ambient concentrations of particulate matter are responsible for about 40 months-losses in the average life expectancy. In 2050, the climate strategies reduce this indicator by 50 %. Decrease of ozone concentrations estimated for the climate scenario might save nearly 20,000 cases of premature death per year. Similarly significant are reductions of impacts on ecosystems due to acidification and eutrophication.
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Units used in this paper: barrel (bl), billion (109), degree Celsius (°C), Euro (€), exajoule (EJ = 1018 J), gigatons (Gt = 109 t), megatons (Mt = 106 t), micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3), US dollar ($).
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Acknowledgments
Research presented here has been carried out within the ClimateCost (the Full Costs of Climate Change) project, funded from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme. Authors wish to thank journal’s reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions.
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Rafaj, P., Schöpp, W., Russ, P. et al. Co-benefits of post-2012 global climate mitigation policies. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 18, 801–824 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9390-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9390-6