Abstract
The relationship between the international mobility of academic researchers and social capital is complex. On the one hand, the literature suggests that social capital facilitates the international mobility of academics which, in turn, promotes the accumulation of international social capital, enhances research productivity, and advances careers. On the other hand, international mobility can isolate researchers from the national social capital in their origin countries. In this paper, I present the results of 42 interviews in Canada and Germany to examine how academics in both countries have experienced the connection between international mobility and social capital. In addition to revealing the complexity of this connection, the results show that social capital facilitates international mobility and that mobility sometimes creates social capital. However, mobility can also lead to the loss of national social capital that negatively affects early-career researchers in particular.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackers, Louise. 2008. Internationalisation, mobility and metrics: A new form of indirect discrimination? Minerva 46(4): 411–435.
Amir, Rabah, and Malgorzata Knauff. 2008. Ranking Economics departments worldwide on the basis of PhD placement. The Review of Economics and Statistics 90(1): 185–190.
Auriol, Laudeline. 2010. Careers of doctorate holders: Employment and mobility patterns. STI Working Paper 2010/4. Paris, OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/43/44893058.pdf.
Bagilhole, Barbara, and Jackie Goode. 2001. The contradiction of the myth of individual merit, and the reality of a patriarchal support system in academic careers: A feminist investigation. European Journal of Women’s Studies 8(2): 161–180.
Bauder, Harald. 2006. Labor movement: How migration regulates labor markets. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bauder, Harald, Charity-Ann Hannan, and Omar Lujan. 2017. International experience in the academic field: Knowledge production, symbolic capital, and mobility fetishism. Population, Space and Place 23(6): 1–13.
Bauder, Harald, Omar Lujan, and Charity-Ann Hannan. 2018. Internationally mobile academics: Hierarchies, hegemony, and the geoscientific imagination. Geoforum 89: 52–59.
Behrens, Julia, Lars Fischer, Karl-Heinz Minks und Lena Rösler. 2010. Die internationale Positionierung der Geisteswissenschaften in Deutschland: Eine empirische Untersuchung. Hanover: Hochschul-Informations System GmbH. http://ids.hof.uni-halle.de/documents/t1947.pdf. Accessed 7 Mar 2020.
Bennion, Alice, and William Locke. 2010. The early career paths and employment conditions of the academic profession in 17 countries. European Review 18(1): 7–33.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo academicus. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bozeman, Barry, and Elizabeth Corley. 2004. Scientists’ collaboration strategies - implications for scientific and technical human capital. Research Policy 33(4): 599–616.
Bozionelos, Nick. 2014. Careers patterns in Greek academia: Social capital and intelligent careers, but for whom? Career Development International 19(3): 264–294.
Burris, Val. 2004. The academic cast system: Prestige hierarchies in PhD Networks. American Sociological Review 69: 239–264.
Cantwell, Brendan. 2011a. Academic in-sourcing: International postdoctoral employment and new modes of academic production. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 33(2): 101–114.
Cantwell, Brendan. 2011b. Transnational mobility and international academic employment: Gatekeeping in an academic competition arena. Minerva 49(4): 425–445.
Casanueva, Cristóbal, and Ángeles Gallego. 2010. Social capital and individual innovativeness in university research networks. Innovation 12(1): 105–117.
Cattaneo, Mattia, Paolo Malighetti, and Stefano Paleari. 2018. The Italian brain drain: Cream and milk. Higher Education 77: 603–622.
Clauset, Aaron, Samuel Arbesman, and Daniel B. Larremore. 2015. Systematic inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks. Science Advances 1: e1400005.
Chepurenko, Alexander. 2015. The role of foreign scientific foundations’ role in the cross-border mobility of Russian academics. International Journal of Manpower 36(4): 562–584.
Combes, Pierre-Philippe, Laurent Linnemer, and Michael Visser. 2008. Publish or peer-rich? The role of skills and networks in hiring economics professors. Labour Economics 15: 423–441.
Contandriopoulos, Damien, Amaud Duhoux, Catherine Larouche, and Mélanie Perroux. 2016. The impact of a researcher’s structural position on scientific performance: An empirical analysis. PloS One 11(8): e0161281.
Crawford, Elisabeth, Terry Shinn, and Sverker Sörlin (eds.). 1993. Denationalizing Science: The Contexts of International Practices. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishing.
David, Quentin, Alexandre Janiak, and Etienne Wasmer. 2010. Local social capital and geographical mobility. Journal of Urban Economics 68(2): 191–204.
Davis, Kathleen S. 2001. “Peripheral and subversive”: Women making connections and challenging the boundaries of the science community. Science Education 85(4): 368–409.
De Solla Price, Derek J., and Donald Beaver. 1966. Collaboration in an invisible college. American Psychologist 21(11): 1011–1018.
Franzoni, Chiara, Giuseppe Scellato, and Paula Stephan. 2012. Foreign born scientists: Mobility patterns for sixteen countries. NBER Working Paper No. 18067. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gonzalez-Brambila, Claudia N. 2014. Social capital in academia. Scientometrics 101(3): 1609–1625.
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–1380.
Hamann, Julian, and Lena M. Zimmer. 2017. The Internationality Imperative in Academia: The Ascent of Internationality as an Academic Virtue. Higher Education Research and Development 36(7): 1418–1432.
Hoffman, David M., Jussi Välimaa, and Mira Huusko. 2008. The Bologna process in academic basic units: Finish universities and competitive horizons. In Cultural perspectives in higher education, eds. Jussi Välimaa and Oili-Helena Ylijoki, 227–243. Dordrecht: Springer.
Horta, Hugo, Jisun Jung, and João M. Santos. 2017. Effects of mobilities on the research output and its multidisciplinarity of academics in Hong Kong and Macau: An exploratory study. Higher Education Quarterly 72: 250–265.
Horta, Hugo, and Akiyoshi Yonezawa. 2013. Going places: Exploring the impact of intra-sectoral mobility on research productivity and communication behaviors in Japanese academia. Asia Pacific Education Review 14: 537–547.
Jonkers, Koen, and Laura Cruz-Castro. 2013. Research upon return: The effect of international mobility on scientific ties, production and impact. Research Policy 42(8): 1366–1377.
Jöns, Heike. 2006. Grenzenlos mobil? Anmerkungen zur Bedeutung und Strukturierung zirkulärer Mobilität in den Wissenschaften. In Bildung und Wissensgesellschaft, eds. Klaus Kempter and Peter Meusburger, 362–377. Berlin: Springer.
Jöns, Heike. 2008. Academic travel from Cambridge University and the formation of centres of knowledge. Journal of Historical Geography 34: 338–362.
Jöns, Heike. 2009. ‘Brain circulation’ and transnational knowledge networks: Studying long-term effects of academic mobility to Germany, 1954-2000. Global Networks 9(3): 315–338.
Jöns, Heike. 2015. Talent mobility and the shifting geographies of Latourian knowledge hubs. Population, Space and Place 21: 372–389.
Jung, Jisun. 2014. Research productivity by career stage among Korean academics. Tertiary Education and Management 20(2): 85–105.
Khattab, Nabil, and Steve Fenton. 2016. Globalisation of researcher mobility within the UK Higher Education: Explaining the presence of overseas academics in the UK academia. Globalisation, Societies and Education 14(4): 528–542.
Kim, Terri. 2009. Shifting patterns of transnational academic mobility: A comparative and historical approach. Comparative Education 45(3): 387–403.
Kim, Terri. 2017. Academic mobility, transnational identity capital, and stratification under conditions of academic capitalism. Higher Education 73(6): 981–997.
Kyvik, Svein, Berit Karseth, Jan Are Remme, and Stuart Blume. 1999. International mobility among Nordic doctoral students. Higher Education 38: 379–400.
Lee, Jack T., and Aliya Kuzhabekova. 2018. Reverse flow in academic mobility from core to periphery: Motivations in international faculty working in Kazakhstan. Higher Education 76: 369–386.
Lutter, Mark, and Martin Schröder. 2016. Who becomes a tenured professor, and why? Panel data evidence from German sociology, 1980–2013. Research Policy 45(5): 999–1013.
Mamiseishvili, Ketevan, and Vicky J. Rosser. 2010. International and Citizen Faculty in the United States: An Examination of their Productivity at Research Universities. Research in Higher Education 51(1): 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-009-9145-8.
Melin, Göran. 2005. The dark side of mobility: Negative experiences of doing a postdoc period abroad. Research Evaluation 14(3): 229–237.
Morano-Foadi, Sonia. 2005. Scientific mobility, career progression, and excellence in the European Research Area. International Migration 43(5): 133–160.
Ortiga, Yasmin Y., Meng-Hsuan Chou, Gunjan Sondhi, and Jue Wang. 2019. Working within the Aspiring Centre: Professional status and mobilities among migrant faculty in Singapore. Higher Education Policy 32(2): 149–166.
Patrício, Maria Teresa, Patrícia Santos, Paulo Maia Loureiro, and Hugo Horta. 2018. Faculty-exchange programs promoting change: Motivations, experiences, and influence of participants in the Carnegie Mellon University-Portugal Faculty Exchange Program. Tertiary Education and Management 24(1): 1–18.
Paul, Anju Mary. 2018. Postdoctoral destination decisions: Advice from Asian-born, Western-trained bioscientists. In High-skilled migration: Drivers and policies, ed. Mathias Czaika, pp. 279–300. Oxford Scholarship Online, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.001.0001
Pezzoni, Michele, Valerio Sterzi, and Francesco Lissoni. 2012. Career progress in centralized academic systems: Social capital and institutions in France and Italy. Research Policy 41(4): 704–719.
Portes, Alejandro. 1998. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 24: 1–24.
Röbken, Heinke. 2009. Career paths of German business administration academics. German Journal of Human Resource Management 23(3): 219–236.
Rostan, Michele, and Flavio Antonio Ceravolo. 2015. The internationalisation of the academy: Convergence and divergence across disciplines. European Review 23(S1): 38–54.
Scheibelhofer, Elisabeth. 2006. Wenn WissenschaftlerInnen im Ausland forschen: Transnationale Lebensstile zwischen selbstbestimmter Lebensführung und ungewollter Arbeitsmigration. In Transnationale Karrieren: Biografien, Lebensführungen und Mobilität, eds. Florian Kreutzer and Silke Roth, 122–140. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Schiller, Daniel, and Javier Revilla Diez. 2012. The impact of academic mobility on the creation of localized intangible assets. Regional Studies 46(10): 1319–1332.
Shin, Jung Cheol, Jisun Jung, Gerard A. Postiglione, and Norzaini Azman. 2014. Research productivity of returnees from study abroad in Korea, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Minerva 52(4): 467–487.
Sidhu, Ravinder, Brenda Yeoh, and Sushila Chang. 2015. A situated analysis of global knowledge networks: capital accumulation strategies of transnationally mobile scientists in Singapore. Higher Education 69(1): 79–101.
Teichler, Ulrich. 2015. Academic mobility and migration: What we know and what we do not know. European Review 23(S1): 6–37.
Uusimaki, Liisa, and Susanne Garvis. 2017. Travelling academics: The lived experience of academics moving across countries. Higher Education Research and Development 36(1): 187–200.
Valade, Marc Yvan, and Vappu Tyyskä. 2019. Newcomer youth, social capital, and family resilience. In Putting family first: Migration and integration in Canada, ed. Harald Bauder, 213–230. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Van Noorden, Richard. 2012. Global mobility: Science on the move. Nature. http://www.nature.com/news/global-mobility-science-on-the-move-1.11602. Accessed 7 Mar 2020.
Wagner, Caroline S. 2009. The new invisible college: Science for development. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Wang, Jue, Rosalie Hooi, Andrew X. Li, and Meng-hsuan Chou. 2019. Collaboration patterns of mobile academics: The impact of international mobility. Science and Public Policy 46(3): 450–462.
Waters, Johanna L. 2009. Transnational geographies of academic distinction: the role of social capital in the recognition and evaluation of ‘overseas’ credentials. Globalisation, Societies and Education 7(2): 113–129.
Welch, Anthony R. 1997. The peripatetic professor: The internationalisation of the academic profession. Higher Education 34: 323–345.
Yang, Rui, and Anthony R. Welch. 2010. Globalisation, transnational academic mobility and the Chinese knowledge diaspora: An Australian case study. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31(5): 593–607.
Acknowledgments
I thank the anonymous reviewers as well as Michael Blickhan, Margaret Godoy, Charity-Ann Hannan, Omar Lujan, Lorelle Juffs, and Erin Roach for research assistance. Bernd Belina, Susanne Heeg, Katrin Amian, Simone Burkhart, Friedrich Heckmann, Anke Reinhardt, Christian Schäfer, Barbara Sheldon, and Daniela Temme provided feedback and support. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada funded the study (Grant No. 410-2010-621).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bauder, H. International Mobility and Social Capital in the Academic Field. Minerva 58, 367–387 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09401-w
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09401-w


