Abstract
Studying the effects of microgravity on cell differentiation will enhance our understanding of fundamental biology and is indispensable for a sustained space program. Rauscher murine erythroleukemic cells were chosen as a model system to study erythroid cell differentiation aboard the International Space Station because these cells undergo differentiation in response to the natural inducer, erythropoietin, as well as various chemical inducers. We have now developed a method to quantify hemoglobin in Rauscher cells after weeks of fixation and storage required for such space biology experiments. By exploiting the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin and by using reagents that yield a soluble chromophore that freely passes out of fixed cells, we developed a highly specific and sensitive assay applicable to cells fixed as long as 4 months.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Watowich SS, Yoshimura A, Longmore GD, Hilton DJ, Yoshimura Y, Lodish HF (1992). Homodimerization and constitutive activation of the erythropoietin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(6): 2140–2144.
Miura O, Nakamura N, Quelle FW, Witthuhn BA, Ihle JN, Aoki N (1994). Erythropoietin induces association of the JAK2 protein tyrosine kinase with the erythropoietin receptor in vivo. Blood 84(5): 1501–1507.
Fujitani Y, Hibi M, Fukada T, Takahashi-Tezuka M, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi T, Sugiyama K, Yamanaka Y, Nakajima K, Hirano T (1997). An alternative pathway for STAT activation that is mediated by the direct interaction between JAK and STAT. Oncogene 14(7): 751–761.
Sytkowski AJ (2004). Erythropoietin: blood, brain and beyond. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH
Nathan DG, Sytkowski AJ (1983). Editorial retrospective. Erythropoietin and the regulation of erythropoiesis. N Engl J Med 308(9): 520–522
Tavassoli M (1982). Anemia of spaceflight. Blood 60(5): 1059–1067
Alfrey CP, Rice L, Udden MM, Driscoll TB (1997). Neocytolysis: physiological down-regulator of red-cell mass. Lancet 349(9062): 1389–1390
Robertson D, Krantz SB, Biaggioni I (1994). The anemia of microgravity and recumbency: role of sympathetic neural control of erythropoietin production. Acta Astronaut 33: 137–141
Robertson D, Convertino VA, Vernikos J (1994). The sympathetic nervous system and the physiologic consequences of spaceflight: a hypothesis. Am J Med Sci 308(2): 126–132
Leach CS, Johnson PC, Cintron NM (1988). The endocrine system in space flight. Acta Astronaut 17(2): 161–166
Hollander J, Gore M, Fiebig R, Mazzeo R, Ohishi S, Ohno H, Ji LL (1998). Spaceflight downregulates antioxidant defense systems in rat liver. Free Radic Biol Med 24(2): 385–390
Plett PA, Frankovitz SM, Abonour R, Orschell-Traycoff CM (2001). Proliferation of human hematopoietic bone marrow cells in simulated microgravity. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 37(2): 73–78
Davis TA, Wiesmann W, Kidwell W, Cannon T, Kerns L, Serke C, Delaplaine T, Pranger A, Lee KP (1996). Effect of spaceflight on human stem cell hematopoiesis: suppression of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 60(1): 69–76
Sytkowski AJ, Davis KL (2001). Erythroid cell growth and differentiation in vitro in the simulated microgravity environment of the NASA rotating wall vessel bioreactor. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Animal 37(2): 79–83
De Both NJ, Vermey M, van’t Hull E, Klootwijk-van-Dijke E, van Griensven LJ, Mol JN, Stoof TJ (1978). A new erythroid cell line induced by Rauscher murine leukaemia virus. Nature 272(5654): 626–628
Sytkowski AJ, Salvado AJ, Smith GM, McIntyre CJ, De Both NJ (1980). Erythroid differentiation of clonal Rauscher erythroleukemia cells in response to erythropoietin or dimethyl sulfoxide. Science 210(4465): 74–76
Showers MO, Moreau JF, Linnekin D, Druker B, D’Andrea AD (1992). Activation of the erythropoietin receptor by the Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein induces constitutive protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Blood 80(12): 3070–3078
Friend C, Scher W, Holland JG, Sato T (1971). Hemoglobin synthesis in murine virus-induced leukemic cells in vitro: stimulation of erythroid differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68(2): 378–382
Singer D, Cooper M, Maniatis GM, Marks PA, Rifkind RA (1974). Erythropoietic differentiation in colonies of cells transformed by Friend virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71(7): 2668–2670
Leder A, Leder P (1975). Butyric acid, a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured erythroleukemic cells. Cell 5(3): 319–322
Orkin SH, Harosi FI, Leder P (1975). Differentiation in erythroleukemic cells and their somatic hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72(1): 98–102
Ebert PS, Wars I, Buell DN (1976). Erythroid differentiation in cultured Friend leukemia cells treated with metabolic inhibitors. Cancer Res 36(5): 1809–1813
Reuben RC, Wife RL, Breslow R, Rifkind RA, Marks PA (1976). A new group of potent inducers of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 73(3): 862–866
Andersson LC, Jokinen M, Gahmberg CG (1979). Induction of erythroid differentiation in the human leukaemia cell line K562. Nature 278(5702): 364–365
Wu H (1923). Studies on hemoglobin: an ultra-micromethod for the determination of hemoglobin as a peroxidase. Biochem J Japan 2: 189–205
Lijana RC, Williams MC (1979). Tetramethylbenzidine – a substitute for benzidine in hemoglobin analysis. J Lab Clin Med 94(2): 266–276
Ralph PH (1941). The histochemical demonstration of hemoglobin in blood cells and tissue smears. Stain Technology 16(3): 105–106
Kaplow LS (1965). Simplified myeloperoxidase stain using benzidine dihydrochloride. Blood 26(2): 215–219
Wanda PE, Lee LT, Howe C (1981). A spectrophotometric method for measuring hemoglobin in erythroleukemic cells (K562). J. Histochem Cytochem 29(12): 1442–1444
Kiernan JA (2000). Formaldehyde, formalin, paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde: what they are and what they do. Microsc Today 001: 8–12
Holland VR, Saunders BC (1974). A safer substitute for benzidine in the detection of blood. Tetrahedeon 30: 3299–3302
Frey A, Meckelein B, Externest D, Schmidt MA (2000). A stable and highly sensitive 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine-based substrate reagent for enzymelinked immunosorbent assays. J Immunol Methods 233(1–2): 47–56
Gahmberg CG, Andersson LC (1981). K562 – a human leukemia cell line with erythroid features. Semin Hematol 18(1): 72–77
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, K., Davis, K.L. & Sytkowski, A.J. Measurement of hemoglobin in long-term fixed erythroid cells: application development for cell science experiments in microgravity. Methods Cell Sci 25, 247–252 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11022-004-2381-6
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11022-004-2381-6