Abstract
The present study deals with the determination of the nonlinear response of the masonry regarded as a regular, i.e. periodic, composite material made of bricks and mortar. A homogenization procedure is applied deriving the masonry overall mechanical response on the basis of the study of a single unit cell. An enriched plane state kinematic model including the effect of the transversal strains of the masonry is presented. This is a simplified form of the full three-dimensional approach. Different cohesive constitutive models are introduced for the brick and mortar; in particular, the frictional effect, playing an important role in the masonry response, is accounted for in the mortar joints. Two main issues are addressed: (a) different structural models are considered at macro- and micro-scale: the macro-model is formulated in the two-dimensional plane state context, while the enriched plane state kinematic approach is adopted at the microlevel; (b) a nonlocal integral strain technique, able to overcome the classical localization drawbacks due to the softening response of the masonry constituents, is developed for the case of periodic media. Numerical applications are presented to assess the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addessi D (2014) A 2d Cosserat finite element based on a damage-plastic model for brittle materials. Comput Struct 135:20–31
Addessi D, Marfia S, Sacco E (2002) A plastic nonlocal damage model. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 191:1291–1310
Addessi D, Sacco E (2011) Cauchy and Cosserat equivalent continua for the multiscale analysis of periodic masonry walls. In: Zavarise G, Wriggers P (eds) Trends in computational contact mechanics, volume 58 of Lecture notes in applied and computational mechanics. Springer, Berlin, pp 253–268
Addessi D, Sacco E (2012) A multi-scale enriched model for the analysis of masonry panel. Int J Solids Struct 49:865–880
Addessi D, Sacco E (2014) A kinematic enriched plane state formulation for the analysis of masonry panels. Eur J Mech A Solids 44:188–200
Addessi D, Sacco E (2016) Nonlinear analysis of masonry panels using a kinematic enriched plane state formulation. Int J Solids Struct 90:194–214
Addessi D, Sacco E, Paolone A (2010) Cosserat model for periodic masonry deduced by nonlinear homogenization. Eur J Mech A Solids 29:724–737
Anthoine A (1995) Derivation of the in-plane elastic characteristics of masonry through homogenization theory. Int J Solids Struct 32(2):137–163
Anthoine A (1997) Homogenization of periodic masonry: plane stress, generalized plane strain or 3d modelling? Commun Numer Methods Eng 13:319–326
Bacigalupo A, Gambarotta L (2012) Computational two-scale homogenization of periodic masonry: characteristic lengths and dispersive waves. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 213–216:16–28
Bazant ZP, Jirasek M (2002) Nonlocal integral formulations of plasticity and damage: survey of progress. J Eng Mech ASCE 128(11):1119–1149
Bendettini F, and Gentile C (2007) Ambient vibration testing and operational modal analysis of a masonry tower. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IOMAC, International operational modal analysis conference, Copenhagen, 30 April–02 May 2007
Berto L, Saetta A, Scotta R, Vitaliani R (2005) Failure mechanism of masonry prism loaded in axial compression: computational aspects. Mater Struct 38:249–256
Casolo S, Milani G (2013) Simplified out-of-plane modelling of three-leaf masonry walls accounting for the material texture. Constr Build Mater 40:330–351 Special Section on Recycling Wastes for Use as Construction Materials
de Borst R (1991) Simulation of strain localisation: a reappraisal of the Cosserat continum. Eng Fract Mech 8:317–332
De Borst R, Sluys LJ, Muhlhaus H-B, Pamin J (1993) Fundamental issues in finite element analyses of localization of deformation. Eng Comput 10(2):99–121
de Buhan P, de Felice G (1997) A homogenization approach to the ultimate strength of brick masonry. J Mech Phys Solids 45(7):1085–1104
Hilsdorf HK (1969) Investigation into the failure of brick masonry loaded in axial compression. In: Johnson FB (ed) Designing, engineering and constructing with masonry products. Gulf Publishing, Houston, pp 34–41
Iordache MM, Willam K (1998) Localized failure analysis in elastoplastic Cosserat continua. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 151:559–586
Kouznetsova VG, Geers MGD, Brekelmans WAM (2002) Multi-scale constitutive modelling of heterogeneous materials with a gradient-enhanced computational homogenization scheme. Int J Numer Methods Eng 54:1235–1260
Luciano R, Sacco E (1998) Variational methods for the homogenization of periodic heterogeneous media. Eur J Mech A Solids 17(4):599–617
Massart TJ, Peerlings RHJ, Geers MGD (2007) An enhanced multi-scale approach for masonry wall computations with localization of damage. Int J Numer Methods Eng 69(5):1022–1059
Massart TJ, Peerlings RHJ, Geers MGD (2007) Structural damage analysis of masonry walls using computational homogenization. Int J Damage Mech 16:199–226
Massart TJ, Peerlings RHJ, Geers MGD, Gottcheiner S (2005) Mesoscopic modeling of failure in brick masonry accounting for three-dimensional effects. Eng Fract Mech 72(8):1238–1253
Mercatoris BCN, Massart TJ (2011) A coupled two-scale computational scheme for the failure of periodic quasi-brittle thin planar shells and its application to masonry. Int J Numer Methods Eng 85:1177–1206
Milani G, Cecchi A (2013) Compatible model for herringbone bond masonry: Linear elastic homogenization, failure surfaces and structural implementation. Int J Solids Struct 50(20–21):3274–3296
Mistler M, Anthoine A, Butenweg C (2007) In-plane and out-of-plane homogenization of masonry. Comput Struct 85:1321–1330
Peerlings RHJ, Massart TJ, Geers MGD (2004) A thermodynamically motivated implicit gradient damage framework and its application to brick masonry cracking. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193(30–32):3403–3417
Peerlings RHJ, de Borst R, Brekelmans WAM, Geers MGD (2002) Localisation issues in local and nonlocal continuum approaches to fracture. Eur J Mech A Solids 21(2):175–189
Pegon P, Anthoine A (1997) Numerical strategies for solving continuum damage problems with softening: application to the homogenization of masonry. Comput Struct 64:623–642
Pijaudier-Cabot P, Bazant ZL (1987) Non local damage theory. J Eng Mech ASCE 118(10):1512–1533
Sacco E (2009) A nonlinear homogenization procedure for periodic masonry. Eur J Mech A Solids 28(2):209–222
Salerno G, de Felice G (2009) Continuum modeling of periodic brickwork. Int J Solids Struct 46(5):1251–1267
Suquet P (1987) Elements of homogenization for inelastic solid mechanics. In: Homogenization techniques for composite media. Springer, Berlin
Taylor RL (2011) FEAP—a finite element analysis program, version 8.3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley
Trovalusci P, Pau A (2014) Derivation of microstructured continua from lattice systems via principle of virtual works: the case of masonry-like materials as micropolar, second gradient and classical continua. Acta Mech 225(1):157–177 (cited by 16)
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge ReLUIS (Italian Department of Civil Protection), the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio and the University of Rome Sapienza for the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This paper is dedicated to Francesco Benedettini, who has always been interested in key aspects of Mechanics. Francesco often invited Elio Sacco to his department to discuss together common research topics.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Addessi, D., Sacco, E. Enriched plane state formulation for nonlinear homogenization of in-plane masonry wall. Meccanica 51, 2891–2907 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0484-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0484-1