Abstract
In hepatic encephalopathy, hyperammonemia (HA) causes cognitive impairment and anxiety by causing neuroinflammation. Ibuprofen and 1,8- cineol have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ibuprofen alone and in combination with 1,8- cineol on anxiety and oxidative stress in a HA rat animal model. For this purpose, 36 rats were divided into six groups (n = 6) including the HA (received intraperitoneally (IP) ammonium acetate 2.5 mg/kg for four week), ibuprofen (induced HA rats that received 15 mg/kg, IP), cineol (induced HA rats that received 5 and 10 mg/kg, IP), Ib + cineol (induced HA rats that received 15 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, IP), and the control groups (received normal saline, IP). Except the HA group, all other groups received the aforementioned treatment for two weeks.. The Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were used to assess cognitive function and anxiety in the animals, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured to evaluate oxidative stress. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β was assessed by real-time PCR in the animal’s brain. The results showed a significant improvement in spatial memory and anxiety of the Ib group compared to the HA group (P < 0.01), but no significant change was observed in SOD activity (P > 0.05). There was a significant improvement in spatial memory and anxiety as well as a significant increase in SOD activity in the Ib + cineol group (P < 0.01) compared to the HA group. These results indicate that the Ib + cineol, not only improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety, also reduce oxidative stress, therefore, the simultaneous use of these two compounds may be useful in improving HA-induced cognitive disorders and anxiety.
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The data that support the funding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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The present study was conducted in the Laboratory Complex of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch. Hereby, the authors would like to express their thanks to officials of the relevant department.
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Namdar Yousefvand and Parichehreh Yaghmae designed the study. Tayebeh Bahrami wrote the manuscript and contributed in collecting data. All authors read and approved the study.
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Bahrami, T., Yaghmaei, P. & Yousofvand, N. The effects of Ibuprofen and 1, 8- cineol on anxiety and spatial memory in hyperammonemic rats. Metab Brain Dis 38, 613–620 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-01093-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-01093-3