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Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders

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Abstract

Early diagnosis and treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pose challenges. The current diagnostic approach for ASD is mainly clinical assessment of patient behaviors. Biomarkers-based identification of ASD would be useful for pediatricians. Currently, there is no specific treatment for ASD, and evidence for the efficacy of alternative treatments remains inconclusive. The prevalence of ASD is increasing, and it is becoming more urgent to find the pathogenesis of such disorder. Metabolomic studies have been used to deeply investigate the alteration of metabolic pathways, including those associated with ASD. Metabolomics is a promising tool for identifying potential biomarkers and possible pathogenesis of ASD. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the abnormal metabolic pathways in ASD children, as indicated by evidence from metabolomic studies in urine and blood. In addition, the targeted interventions that could correct the metabolomic profiles relating to the improvement of autistic behaviors in affected animals and humans have been included. The results revealed that the possible underlying pathophysiology of ASD were alterations of amino acids, reactive oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis. The potential common pathways shared by animal and human studies related to the improvement of ASD symptoms after pharmacological interventions were mammalian-microbial co-metabolite, purine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. The content of this review may contribute to novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD and possible therapeutic paradigms.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Senior Research Scholar grant from the National Research Council of Thailand (S.C.C.), the Thailand Science Research and Innovation MRG6280014 (C.T.), the NSTDA Research Chair grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency Thailand (N.C.), and the Chiang Mai University Center of Excellence Award Thailand (N.C.). National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (P20GM125503) award to I.N.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Narueporn Likhitweerawong, Nonglak Boonchooduang & Orawan Louthrenoo

  2. Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Chanisa Thonusin, Nipon Chattipakorn & Siriporn C. Chattipakorn

  3. Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Chanisa Thonusin & Nipon Chattipakorn

  4. Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Chanisa Thonusin, Nipon Chattipakorn & Siriporn C. Chattipakorn

  5. Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkanasa, USA

    Intawat Nookaew

  6. Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

    Siriporn C. Chattipakorn

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  1. Narueporn Likhitweerawong
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  2. Chanisa Thonusin
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  3. Nonglak Boonchooduang
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  6. Nipon Chattipakorn
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  7. Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
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Contributions

NL, CT, NB, OL, and SCC developed the study concept. NL and CT drafted the manuscript. OL, IN, NC, and SCC provided critical edits and revisions. All of the authors provided revisions and approved the final version of the paper for submission.

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Correspondence to Siriporn C. Chattipakorn.

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Likhitweerawong, N., Thonusin, C., Boonchooduang, N. et al. Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders. Metab Brain Dis 36, 1641–1671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00788-3

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