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Oxidative stress stimulates invasive potential in rat C6 and human U-87 MG glioblastoma cells via activation and cross-talk between PKM2, ENPP2 and APE1 enzymes

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Abstract

Maintaining genomic integrity is essential for cell survival and viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction results in oxidative stress leading to the genomic instability via generation of small base lesions in DNA and these unrepaired DNA damages lead to various cellular consequences including cancer. Recent data support the concept “oxidative stress is an indispensable participant in fostering proliferation, survival, and migration” in various cancer cell types including glioblastoma cells. In this study we demonstrate that treatment of non-cytotoxic doses of oxidants such as amyloid beta [Aβ(25–35)] peptide, glucose oxidase (GO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h and 48 h time points found to increase the expression level and activity of a multifunctional enzyme Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), a key enzyme of base excision repair (BER) pathway which takes care of base damages; and also resulted in modulation in the expression levels of downstream BER-pathway enzymes viz. PARP-1, XRCC1, DNA polβ, and ligase IIIα was observed upon oxidative stress in C6 and U-87 MG cells. Oxidants treatment to the C6 and U-87 MG cells also resulted in an elevation in the intracellular expression of glycolytic pathway enzyme Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and the metastasis inducer protein Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) as analyzed using Western blotting and Immunofluorescence microscopic studies. Our study also reports that oxidative stress induced for 24 h and 48 h in C6 and U-87 MG cells resulted in extracellular secretion of APE1 and ENPP2 as analyzed using Western blotting in conditioned media. However, the biological significance of extracellular secreted APE1 remains elusive. Oxidative stress also elevated the ENPP2’s LysoPLD activity in conditioned media of C6 and U-87 MG cells. Our results also demonstrate that oxidative stress affects the expression level and localization of APE1, PKM2, and ENPP2 in C6 and U-87 MG cells. As evidenced by the colocalization pattern at 24 h and 48 h time points, it can be attributed that oxidative stress mediates crosstalk between APE1, PKM2, and ENPP2. In addition, when C6 and U-87 MG cells were treated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid that negatively regulates ENPP2’s LysoPLD activity at 10 μM concentration, demonstrated strong migratory potential in C6 and U-87 MG cells, and also induced migration upon oxidative stress. Altogether, the findings demonstrate the potential of C6 and U-87 MG cells to utilize three proteins viz. APE1, PKM2, and ENPP2 towards migration and survival of gliomas. Thus the knowledge on oxidative stress induced APE1’s interaction with PKM2 and ENPP2 opens a new channel for the therapeutic target(s) for gliomas.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported to A.K.M. by the BSR-startup grant received from the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India, and the funds received under the scheme Research Seed Money (RSM) from the Central University of Punjab, Bathinda (CUPB). R.P.C. acknowledges financial support in the form of a senior research fellowship (SRF) from the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India. The confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus) facility of the Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL), CUPB is thankfully acknowledged. Because of the limited focus of the article, many relevant and appropriate references could not be included, for which the authors apologize.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India

    Ravi P. Cholia & Anil K. Mantha

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India

    Monisha Dhiman

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India

    Raj Kumar

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  1. Ravi P. Cholia
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Correspondence to Anil K. Mantha.

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Cholia, R.P., Dhiman, M., Kumar, R. et al. Oxidative stress stimulates invasive potential in rat C6 and human U-87 MG glioblastoma cells via activation and cross-talk between PKM2, ENPP2 and APE1 enzymes. Metab Brain Dis 33, 1307–1326 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0233-3

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