Abstract
The synergistic effects of physical exercise and diet have profound benefits on brain function. The present study was aimed to determine the effects of exercise and Decalepis hamiltonii (Dh) on age-related responses on the antioxidant status in discrete regions of rat brain. Male Wistar albino rats of 4 and 18 months old were orally supplemented with Dh extract and swim trained at 3 % intensity for 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 30 days. Supplementation of 100 mg Dh aqueous extract/kg body weight and its combination with exercise significantly elevated the antioxidant enzyme activities irrespective of age. Age-related and region-specific changes were observed in superoxide levels, and protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, and were found to be decreased in both trained and supplemented groups. Levels of total thiols, protein, and nonprotein thiols decreased with age and significantly increased in the SW-T(+100 mg) groups. Our results demonstrated that the interactive effects of two treatments enhanced the antioxidant status and decreased the risk of protein and lipid oxidation in the rat brain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Flores MF, Martins A, Schimidt LH, Santos FW, Izquiredo I, Mello-Carpes PB, Carpes PF (2014) Effects of green tea and physical exercise on memory impairments associated with aging. NeurochemInt 78:53–60
Cui H, Kong Y, Zhang H (2012) Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. J Signal Transduct 2012:1–13
Butterfield DA, Stadtman ER (1997) Protein oxidation processes in aging brain. Adv Cell Aging Gerontol 2:161–191
Balu M, Sangeetha P, Murali G, Panneerselvam C (2005) Age-related oxidative protein damages in central nervous system of rats: modulatory role of grape seed extract. Int J Dev Neurosci 23:501–507
Asl NA, Sheikhzade F, Torchi M, Roshangar L, Khamnei S (2008) Long-term regular exercise promotes memory and learning in young but not in older rats. Pathophysiology 15:9–12
Suominen-Troyer S, Davis KJ, Ismail AH, Salvendy G (1986) Impact of physical fitness on strategy development in decision making tasks. Percept Mot Skills 62:71–77
Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, Chason J, Vakil E, Bardell L, Bioleau RA, Colcombe A (1999) Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature 400:418–419
Fordyce DE, Farrar RP (1991) Enhancement of spatial learning in F344 rats by physical activity and related learning-associated alterations in hippocampal and cortical cholinergic functioning. Behav Brain Res 46:123–133
VanPraag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:13427–13431
Devi SA, Kiran TR (2004) Regional responses in antioxidant system to exercise training and dietary Vitamin E in aging rat brain. Neurobiol Aging 25:501–508
Radak Z, Koltai E, Taylor AW, Higuchi M, Kumagai S, Goto S, Boldogh I (2013) Redox-regulating sirtuins in aging, caloric restriction, and exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 58:87–97
Wiswedel I, Hirsch D, Kropf S, Gruening M, Pfister E, Schewe T, Sies H (2004) Flavonol-rich cocoa drink lowers plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 37:411–421
Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T (2010) Neuroprotective effect of Decalepis hamiltonii roots against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem 119:626–629
Srivastava A, Harish SR, Shivanandappa T (2006) Antioxidant activity of the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii (Wight and Arn.). LWT 39:1059–1065
Naveen S, Khanum F (2010) Antidiabetic, antiatheroscerotic and hepatoprotective properties of Decalepis hamiltonii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 34:1231–1248
Jolitha AB, Subramanyam MVV, Devi SA (2006) Modification by vitamin E and exercise of oxidative stress in regions of aging rat brain: studies on superoxide dismutase isoenzymes and protein oxidation status. Exp Gerontol 41:753–763
Todly A, Stadler K, Sasvari M, Jakus J, Jung KJ, Chung H, Berkes I, Nyakas C, Radak Z (2005) The effect of exercise and nettle supplementation on oxidative stress markers in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 65:487–493
Misra HP, Fridovich I (1972) The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 247:3170–3175
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:140–147
Flohe L, Gunzler WA (1984) Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 105:114–121
Das UN, Padma M, Sagar PS, Ramesh G, Koratkar R (1990) Stimulation of free radical generation in human leukocytes by various agents including tumour necrosis factor is a calmodulin dependent process. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 167:1030–1036
Levine RL, Williams JA, Stadtman ER, Shacter E (1994) Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 233:346–357
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxidation in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anals Biochem 95:351–358
Sedlak J, Lindsay RH (1968) Estimation of total, protein-bound, and non protein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem 25:192–205
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275
Zarei M, Shivanandappa T (2013) Amelioration of cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity by the root extract of Decalepis hamiltonii in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 57:179–184
Jahromi SR, Haddadi M, Shivanandappa T, Ramesh SR (2015) Attenuation of neuromotor deficits by natural antioxidants of Decalepis hamiltonii in transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 293:136–150
Anand S, Rajashekharaiah V, Tekupalli R (2015) Effect of age and physical activity on oxidative stress parameters in experimental rat model. Int J Clin Exp Physiol 2:185–190
Verma RS, Srivastava N (2001) Chlorpyrifos induced alterations in levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione in rat brain. Ind J Exp Biol 39:174–177
Devi SA, Prathima S, Subramanyam MVV (2003) Dietary vitamin E and physical exercise: II. Antioxidant status and lipofuscin-like substances in aging rat heart. Exp Gerontol 38:291–297
Anand S, Devi SA, Ravikiran T (2014) Differential expression of the cerebral cortex proteome in physically trained adult rats. Brain Res Bull 104:88–91
Bais S, Singh GS, Sharma R (2014) Antiobesity and hypolipidemic activity of Moring oleifera leaves against high fat diet- induced obesity in rats. Adv Bio 2014:1–9
Boque N, Campion J, Iglesia R, Garza AL, Milagro FI, Roman BS, Banuelos O, Martinez JA (2013) Screening of polyphenolic plant extracts for anti-obesity properties in Wistar rats. J Sci Food Agric 93:1226–1232
Rybak LP, Somani SM, Ravi R (1995) Effect of exercise training on antioxidant system in brain regions of rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50:635–639
Gomez-Pinilla F, Ying Z (2010) Differential effects of exercise and dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on molecular systems associated with control of allostasis in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Neuroscience 168:130–137
Mandel SA, Amit T, Kalfon L, Reznichenko L, Weinreb O, Youdim MB (2008) Cell signaling pathways and iron chelation in the neurorestorative activity of green tea polyphenols: special reference to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). J Alzheimers Dis 15:211–222
Moskaug JO, Carlsen H, Myhrstad MC, Blomhoff R (2005) Polyphenols and glutathione synthesis regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 81:277S–283S
Srikanta BM, Siddaraju MN, Dharmesh SM (2007) A novel phenol-bound pectic polysaccharide from Decalepis hamiltonii with multi-step ulcer preventive activity. World J Gastroenterol 13(39):5196–5207
Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T (2010) Hepatoprotective effect of the root extract of Decalepis hamiltonii against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats. Food Chem 118:411–417
Aksu I, Topcu A, Camsari UM, Acikgoz O (2009) Effect of acute and chronic exercise on oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in rat hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and striatum. Neurosci Lett 452:281–285
Levine RL (2002) Carbonyl modified proteins in cellular regulation, aging, and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 32:790–796
Hensely K, Hall N, Subramaniam R, Cole P, Harris M, Aksenov M, Aksenova M, Gabbita SP, Wu JF, Carney JM, Lovell M, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA (1995) Brain regional correspondence between Alzheimer’s disease histopathology and biomarkers of protein oxidation. J Neurochem 65:2146–2156
Radak Z, Kanek T, Tahara S, Nakamoto H, Pucsok J, Sasvari M, Nyakas C, Goto S (2001) Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain. Neurochem Int 38:17–23
Skryzdlewska E, Ostrowska J, Stankiewicz A, Fabisszewski R (2002) Green tea as a potent antioxidant in alcohol intoxication. Addict Biol 7:307–314
MałgorzataI Grazyna C, Elzbieta L-K, Edward B, Lidia W (2004) Plasma levels of total, free and protein bound thiols as well as sulfane sulfur in different age groups of rats. Acta Biochem Polonica 51:815–824
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Bangalore University Internal Research Fund (Grant No. DEV/D2/YRB/BUIRF/2010-11).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ravikiran, T., Sowbhagya, R., Anupama, S.K. et al. Age-related changes in the brain antioxidant status: modulation by dietary supplementation of Decalepis hamiltonii and physical exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 419, 103–113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2754-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2754-6