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Oxidative stress does not play a primary role in the toxicity induced with clinical doses of doxorubicin in myocardial H9c2 cells

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Abstract

The implication of oxidative stress as primary mechanism inducing doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity is still questionable as many in vitro studies implied supra-clinical drug doses or unreliable methodologies for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. The aim of this study was to clarify whether oxidative stress is involved in compliance with the conditions of clinical use of DOX, and using reliable tools for ROS detection. We examined the cytotoxic mechanisms of 2 μM DOX 1 day after the beginning of the treatment in differentiated H9c2 rat embryonic cardiac cells. Cells were exposed for 2 or 24 h with DOX to mimic a single chronic dosage or to favor accumulation, respectively. We found that apoptosis was prevalent in cells exposed for a short period with DOX: cells showed typical hallmarks as loss of anchorage ability, mitochondrial hyperpolarization followed by the collapse of mitochondrial activity, and nuclear condensation. Increasing the exposure period favored a shift to necrosis as the cells preferentially exhibited early DNA impairment and nuclear swelling. In either case, measuring the fluorescence lifetime of 1-pyrenebutyric acid or the intensities of dihydroethidium or amplex red showed a consistent pattern in ROS production which was a slight increased level far from representative of an oxidative stress. Moreover, pre-treatment with dexrazoxane provided a cytoprotective effect although it failed to detoxify ROS. Our data support that oxidative stress is unlikely to be the primary mechanism of DOX cardiac toxicity in vitro.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Jean Vigo who passed away in July 2015. His enthusiasm and tireless activity on improving instruments for fluorescence lifetime detection will remain a model. We would like to thank Christoph Grunau for proof reading the article. This work was supported by funds from the French “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer” (Comités des Pyrénées-Orientales et du Gard) to T.R., A.G., C.C., A.B., J.V. and A.C.R., the ERASMUS program to G.K., and by Helmholtz Young Investigator Program to T.R. and D.P.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Modeling and Analysis in Geo-Environmental and Health (IMAGES_ESPACE-DEV), University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France

    Tareck Rharass, Christophe Canal, Amandine Bijoux & Anne-Cécile Ribou

  2. Electrochemical Signaling in Development and Disease, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin-Buch, Germany

    Tareck Rharass & Daniela Panáková

  3. Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin

    Adam Gbankoto

  4. Department of Chemistry, Dokuz Eylül University, 35210, Izmir, Turkey

    Gizem Kurşunluoğlu

  5. ESPACE-DEV, UMR UG UA UM IRD, 34093, Montpellier, France

    Anne-Cécile Ribou

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  1. Tareck Rharass
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Rharass, T., Gbankoto, A., Canal, C. et al. Oxidative stress does not play a primary role in the toxicity induced with clinical doses of doxorubicin in myocardial H9c2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 413, 199–215 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2653-x

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