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Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and T2DM in a case–control association study of the Bahraini population

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Abstract

Bahrain has one of the highest incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a complication was noticed in some patients while absent in others. This interesting observation raises the role of certain genetic risk factors for the development of DN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was found to be associated with T2DM. While some patients have predisposition to DN in the population, others have negative association. The present case–control association study was designed to investigate the association of ACE I/D polymorphism in T2DM patients in Bahrain especially in those who developed DN. A total of 360 T2DM patients (110 with DN and 250 without DN) and 360 healthy (non-diabetic) age-matched subjects were recruited for this study for comparison. The presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was investigated using PCR-gel electrophoresis. The results show that the distribution of the homozygote DD genotype of the ACE gene was high among Bahraini T2DM patients compared to the healthy non-diabetic subjects. In addition, the distribution of the deletion (D) allele was high among Bahraini T2DM patients with DN when compared to the healthy non-diabetic subjects. However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of ACE I/D allele and genotypes between DN patients when compared to those T2DM patients without DN. The results obtained in this study are in closely agreement with some previous reports which show a strong association of ACE polymorphism with T2DM patients, yet not a risk factor for development of DN.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks for Colonel Dr. Abdulla Darweesh Chairman of Department of Pathology in BDF Hospital & Major Khalid Matar, Chief of Medical Technologists for giving the opportunity to collect blood samples, for the current study, from the BDF Hospital.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain

    Einas M. Al-Harbi, Eman M. Farid & Khalid A. Gumaa

  2. Department of Statistics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE

    Emad M. Masuadi

  3. School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences and School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England, UK

    Jaipaul Singh

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  1. Einas M. Al-Harbi
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  2. Eman M. Farid
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  3. Khalid A. Gumaa
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Correspondence to Einas M. Al-Harbi.

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Al-Harbi, E.M., Farid, E.M., Gumaa, K.A. et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and T2DM in a case–control association study of the Bahraini population. Mol Cell Biochem 350, 119–125 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-010-0688-y

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