Skip to main content
Log in

Numerical Resolution of McKean-Vlasov FBSDEs Using Neural Networks

  • Published:
Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We propose several algorithms to solve McKean-Vlasov Forward Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (FBSDEs). Our schemes rely on the approximating power of neural networks to estimate the solution or its gradient through minimization problems. As a consequence, we obtain methods able to tackle both mean-field games and mean-field control problems in moderate dimension. We analyze the numerical behavior of our algorithms on several multidimensional examples including non linear quadratic models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

References

  • Abadi M, Barham P, Chen J, Chen Z, Davis A, Dean J, Devin M, Ghemawat S, Irving G, Isard M, Kudlur M, Levenberg J, Monga R, Moore S, Murray DG, Steiner B, Tucker P, Vasudevan V, Warden P, Wicke M, Yu Y, Zheng X (2016) Tensorflow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, OSDI’16, p. 265–283. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3026877.3026899

  • Achdou Y, Capuzzo-Dolcetta I (2010) Mean field games: Numerical methods. SIAM J Num Analysis 48. https://doi.org/10.1137/090758477

  • Achdou Y, Kobeissi Z (2020) Mean field games of controls: Finite difference approximations. arXiv:200303968

  • Angiuli A, Graves CV, Li H, Chassagneux JF, Delarue F, Carmona R (2019) Cemracs 2017: Numerical probabilistic approach to MFG. ESAIM: Proc Surv 65:84–113. https://doi.org/10.1051/proc/201965084

  • Anil C, Lucas J, Grosse R (2019) Sorting out Lipschitz function approximation. In: Chaudhuri K, Salakhutdinov R (eds), Proceedings of the 36th ICML (vol. 97, p 291–301). http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/anil19a.html

  • Bachouch A, Huré C, Pham H, Langrené N (2021) Deep neural networks algorithms for stochastic control problems on finite horizon: Numerical computations. Methodol Comput Appl Probab. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-019-09767-9

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Beck C, Becker S, Cheridito P, Jentzen A, Neufeld A (2019a) Deep splitting method for parabolic PDEs. arXiv preprint: arXiv:190703452

  • Beck C, Jentzen A (2019b) Machine learning approximation algorithms for high-dimensional fully nonlinear partial differential equations and second-order backward stochastic differential equations. J Nonlinear Sci 29(4):1563–1619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-018-9525-3

  • Bouchard B, Touzi N (2004) Discrete-time approximation and monte-carlo simulation of backward stochastic differential equations. Stochastic Process Appl 111(2):175–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2004.01.001

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cardaliaguet P, Lehalle CA (2018) Mean field game of controls and an application to trade crowding. Math Financial Econ 12(3):335–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11579-017-0206-z

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona R, Delarue F (2013) Probabilistic analysis of mean-field games. SIAM J Control Optim 51(4):2705–2734. https://doi.org/10.1137/120883499

  • Carmona R, Delarue F (2018a) Probabilistic theory of mean field games with applications I. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58920-6

  • Carmona R, Delarue F (2018b) Probabilistic theory of mean field games with applications II. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56436-4

  • Carmona R, Lacker D (2015) A probabilistic weak formulation of mean field games and applications. Ann Appl Prob 25(3):1189–1231. https://doi.org/10.1214/14-AAP1020

  • Carmona R, Laurière M (2019) Convergence analysis of machine learning algorithms for the numerical solution of mean field control and games: II – the finite horizon case. arXiv preprint arXiv:190801613, to appear in The Annals of Applied Probability

  • Chan-Wai-Nam Q, Mikael J, Warin X (2019) Machine learning for semi linear PDEs. J Sci Comput 79:1667–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-019-00908-3

  • Chassagneux JF, Crisan D, Delarue F (2015) A probabilistic approach to classical solutions of the master equation for large population equilibria. to appear in Memoirs of the AMS

  • Chassagneux JF, Crisan D, Delarue F (2019) Numerical method for FBSDEs of McKean-Vlasov type. Ann Appl Prob 29. https://doi.org/10.1214/18-AAP1429

  • Fouque JP, Zhang Z (2020) Deep learning methods for mean field control problems with delay. Front Appl Math Stat 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2020.00011

  • Gobet E, Lemor JP, Warin X (2005) A regression-based monte carlo method to solve backward stochastic differential equations. Ann Appl Probab 15(3):2172–2202. https://doi.org/10.1214/105051605000000412

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Long J (2020) Convergence of the deep BSDE method for coupled FBSDEs. Prob Uncert Quan Risk 5(1):1–33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41546-020-00047-w

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Jentzen A, Weinan E (2017) Solving high-dimensional partial differential equations using deep learning. Proc Nat Acad Sci 115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718942115

  • Huré C, Pham H, Warin X (2020) Deep backward schemes for high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs. Math Comput 89(324):1547–1579. https://doi.org/10.1090/mcom/3514

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Huré C, Pham H, Bachouch A, Langrené N (2021) Deep neural networks algorithms for stochastic control problems on finite horizon: convergence analysis. SIAM J Numer Anal 59(1):525–557. https://doi.org/10.1137/20M1316640

  • Ji S, Peng S, Peng Y, Zhang X (2020) Three algorithms for solving high-dimensional fully coupled FBSDEs through deep learning. IEEE Intell Syst 35(3):71–84. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2020.2971597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingma D, Ba J (2015) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. International Conference on Learning Representations

  • Lasry JM, Lions PL (2006a) Jeux à champ moyen. i – le cas stationnaire. Comptes Rendus Mathematique - C R MATH 343:619–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2006.09.019

  • Lasry JM, Lions PL (2006b) Jeux à champ moyen. ii – horizon fini et contrôle optimal. Comptes Rendus Mathématique Académie des Sciences, Paris 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2006.09.018

  • Lauriere M (2021) Numerical methods for mean field games and mean field type control. arXiv:210606231

  • Pham H, Warin X, Germain M (2021) Neural networks-based backward scheme for fully nonlinear PDEs. SN Part Diff Equations Appl 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42985-020-00062-8

  • Sergeev A, Del Balso M (2018) Horovod: Fast and easy distributed deep learning in tensorflow

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by FiME, Laboratoire de Finance des Marchés de l’Energie. We acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions which helped us to improve this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maximilien Germain.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Germain, M., Mikael, J. & Warin, X. Numerical Resolution of McKean-Vlasov FBSDEs Using Neural Networks. Methodol Comput Appl Probab 24, 2557–2586 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-022-09946-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11009-022-09946-1

Keywords

MSC Classification

Navigation