Skip to main content
Log in

The effects of discussion and question wording on self and proxy reports of behavioral frequencies

  • Published:
Marketing Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Marketing research surveys often rely on one person to report about the consumption and purchase behavior of other household members. We report the results of an experiment examining how the level of discussion among household members and the wording of a recall question affect the accuracy of reports about the frequency of another household member’s behavior. The findings suggest two important implications. First, asking respondents for a count versus an estimate of the behavior affects both the level of reporting for others as well as the accuracy of such reports. Second, screening potential respondents on their level of discussion on a topic with their partner or family member may help reduce reporting error.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bickart, B., & Felcher, E.M. (1996). Expanding and enhancing the use of verbal protocols in survey research. In: Schwarz, N. & Sudman, S. (eds.), Answering Questions: Methodology for Determining Cognitive and Communicative Processes in Survey Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Bickart, B., Menon, G., Schwarz, N., & Blair, J. (1994). The use of anchoring strategies in constructing proxy reports of attitudes. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 6, 375–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, E., & Burton, S. (1987). Cognitive processes used by survey respondents to answer behavioral frequency questions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 280–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brucks, M. (1988). Search Monitor: An approach for computer-controlled experiments involving consumer information search. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 117–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, S., & Blair, E. (1991). Task conditions, response formulation processes, and response accuracy for behavioral frequency questions in surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 50–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, F.G., Brown, N.R., & Cashman, E.R. (1998). Strategies for estimating behavioral frequency in survey interviews. Memory: Special Issue on Survey Research, 6, 339–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H.L., Hoch, S.J., & Ragsdale, E.K.E. (1986). An anchoring and adjustment model of spousal predictions. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kojetin, B.A., & Miller, L.A. (1993). The intrahousehold communications study: Estimating the accuracy of proxy responses at the dyadic level. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, St. Charles, Illinois.

  • Kojetin, B.A., & Mullin, P. (1995). The quality of proxy reports on the Current Population Survey (CPS). Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

  • Kojetin, B.A., & Jerstad, S. (1997). The quality of proxy reports on the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Paper presented at the Society for Consumer Psychology Conference, St. Petersburg, Florida.

  • Means, B., & Loftus, E. (1991). When personal history repeats itself: Decomposing memories for recurring events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 297–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, G. (1993). The effects of accessibility of information in memory on judgments of behavioral frequencies. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 431–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, G. (1997). Are the parts better than the whole? The effects of decompositional questions on judgments of frequent behaviors. Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, G., Bickart, B., Sudman, S., & Blair, J. (1995). How well do you know your partner? Strategies for formulating proxy-reports and their effects on the convergence to self-reports. Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J.C. (1988). Self/proxy response status and survey response quality: A review of the literature. Journal of Official Statistics, 4, 155–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schober, M.F., & Clark, H.H. (1989). Understanding by addressees and overhearers. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, N., & Wellens, T. (1997). Cognitive dynamics of proxy responding: The diverging perspectives of actors and observers. Journal of Official Statistics, 13, 159–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirken, M.G., Herrmann, D.J., Schechter, S., Schwarz, N., Tanur, J.M., & Tourangeau, R. (eds.). (1999). Cognition and Survey Research. New York: Wiley.

  • Strube, G. (1987). Answering survey questions: The role of memory. In: Hippler, H.-J., Schwarz, N., & Sudman, S. (eds.), Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology. New York: Spinger-Verlag.

  • Sudman, S., Bickart, B., Blair, J., & Menon, G. (1994). A comparison of self and proxy reporting. In: Schwarz, N. & Sudman, S. (eds.), Autobiographical Memory and the Validity of Retrospective Reports. New York: Springer-Verlag.

  • Sudman, S., Bradburn, N.M., & Schwarzn, N. (1996). Thinking about Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  • Todorov, A. (2003). Cognitive procedures for correcting proxy-response biases in surveys. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 215–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uleman, J.S., Newman, L.S., & Moskowitz, G.B. (1996). People as flexible interpreters: evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference. In: Zanna, M. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28. Academic Press, (pp. 211–279).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara A. Bickart.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bickart, B.A., Phillips, J.M. & Blair, J. The effects of discussion and question wording on self and proxy reports of behavioral frequencies. Market Lett 17, 167–180 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-5232-1

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-5232-1

Keywords

Navigation