Skip to main content
Log in

“I love it” or “I hate it”? The positivity effect in stated preferences for agent evaluation

  • Published:
Marketing Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Consumers often interact with agents to obtain advice about products and services. A consumer’s evaluation of an agent as a source of personalized advice depends, in part, on the extent to which the consumer believes the agent knows and shares her tastes. In this research, we show a positivity effect in the agent evaluation process, whereby consumers perceive alternatives they love (compared to hate) to be more informative to agents about their tastes, and hence more diagnostic to agents for predicting their future evaluations. Further, we show that this positivity effect is moderated by the agent’s level of agreement with the consumer, and is driven by the greater accessibility of information about loved, compared to hated, alternatives. We discuss the implications of these results for interpersonal judgments and agent choice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahluwalia, R. (2002). How Prevalent is the Negativity Effect in Consumer Environments?. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 270–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Catrin F., & Vohs, K.D. (2001). Bad Is Stronger than Good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323.–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bearden, W.O., & Etzel, M.J. (1982). Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 184–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, L.G., & Keller, P.A. (1995). When to Accentuate the Negative: The Effects of Perceived Efficacy and Message Framing on Intentions to Perform a Health-Related Behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 192–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J.T., Gardner, W.L., & Berntson, G.G. (1999). The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components: Form Follows Function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, A.D.J., Sujan H., Sujan, M., & Weitz, B.A. (2002). Marketing the unfamiliar: the Role of Context and Item-Specific Information in Electronic Agent Recommendations. Journal of Marketing Research, 39, 488–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, C.H., Dawes, R.M., & Tversky A. (1970). Mathematical psychology: An elementary introduction, Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J. (1982). Biased Questions in Judgment of Covariation Studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 214–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, J.M., & Lynch, J.G. (1988). Self-generated Validity and Other Effects of Measurement on Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 421–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkes, V.S., & Kamins, M.A. (1999). Effects of Information about Firms’ Ethical and Unethical Actions on Consumers’ Attitudes. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8, (3), 243–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkes, V.S., & Patrick, V.M. (2003). The Positivity Effect in Perceptions of Services: Seen One, Seen Them All? Journal of Consumer Research 30, 125–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, A.D., Bronizrczyk, S.M., & West, P.M. (2001). Recommendation or Evaluation? Task sensitivity in information source selection. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 418–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, A.D., & Johar, G.V. (2006). Do you know me? Consumer Calibration of Friends’ Knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research.

  • Gershoff, A.D., Mukherjee, A., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2003). Consumer Acceptance of Online Agent Advice: Extremity and positivity effects. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, (1–2), 161–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herr, P.M., Kardes, F.R., & Kim J. (1991). Effects of Word-of-Mouth and Product-Attribute Information on Persuasion: An Accessibility-Diagnosticity Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 454–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herr, P.M., Page, C.M. (2004). Asymmetric Association of Liking and Disliking Judgments: So What’s Not to Like?. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 588–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, T.A., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2005). Variations on a Human Universal: Individual Differences in Positivity Offset and Negativity Bias. Cognition and Emotion, 19, (1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.E., & Wortman, C. (1973). Ingratiation: An attributional approach Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroloff, G. (1988). At Home and Abroad: Weighing in. Public Relations Journal, 8.

  • Luce, M.F. (1998). Choosing to avoid: Coping with Negatively Emotion-Laden Consumer Decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 409–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheswaran, D., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Promoting Systematic Processing in Low-Motivation Settings: Effect of Incongruent Information on Processing and Judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 13–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheswaran, D., & Meyers-Levy, J. (1990). The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 27, 361–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, A., & Hoyer, W.D. (2001). The Effect of Novel Attributes on Product Evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 462–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skowronski, J.J., & Carlston, D.E. (1987). Social Judgment and Social Memory: The Role of Cue Diagnosticity in Negativity, Positivity, and Extremity biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 689– 699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, M.R. (1986). The missing link: Surrogate Consumers in the Marketing Chain. Journal of Marketing, 50, 208–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., & Brown, J. (1988) Illusion and well-being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, P.M. (1996). Predicting preferences: An Examination of Agent Learning. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 68–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, P.M., Brown, C.L. & Hoch, S.J. (1996). Consumption Vocabulary and Preference Formation. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 120–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P.L. (1974). Analyzing Media Effects on Advertising Responses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, (2), 192–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaniv, I. & Kleinberger, E. (2000). Advice taking in decision making: Egocentric discounting and reputation formation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83, 260–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew D. Gershoff.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gershoff, A.D., Mukherjee, A. & Mukhopadhyay, A. “I love it” or “I hate it”? The positivity effect in stated preferences for agent evaluation. Market Lett 17, 103–117 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-4594-8

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-4594-8

Keywords

Navigation