Abstract
Structural adhesive bonding is very often used joining method in aerospace and automotive industry, but in civil engineering, especially in façade applications, semi-flexible or semi-rigid adhesives are still rarely used. The article is focused on experimental analyses of structural adhesive joints intended for façade applications (e.g. bonding of façade cladding elements to the supporting substructure). The experimental study contains a comparison of the structural behavior of two different adhesives in joints with aluminum or zinc-electroplated steel substrates with various surface pre-treatments. The main goal of the study is a comparison of the mechanical properties of joints exposed and unexposed to laboratory ageing conditions; immersion on demineralized water according to ETAG 002 (Guideline for European Technical Approval for Structural Sealant Glazing Kits). Water content in adhesive layer can change significantly its mechanical properties and adhesion of glue to the substrate. Ageing resistance of joint can be improved by durability increasing of the substrate. For this reason, two different substrate materials with various surface treatments (mechanical roughening, smooth surface, anodizing) were tested. Different adhesive resistance against humid conditions was observed depending on the substrate material and pre-treatment. STP polymer joints showed strength reduction by 30% after immersion for almost all substrates, while acrylate adhesive proved 20% strength reduction for roughened aluminum substrate and 60% strength reduction for zinc-electroplated steel substrate with a roughened surface. The zinc-electroplated steel substrate showed problematic adhesion in case of the acrylate adhesive both reference set of specimens and specimens exposed to laboratory ageing. The positive effect of roughening on adhesion and ageing resistance was clearly observed in the specimens bonded by the acrylate adhesive.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
3M: Design Guide for Architectural Metal Panels. (2005). http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/558143O/3m-structural-glazing-brochure.pdf
Ashcroft, I., Comym, J.: Durability: effect of water and mechanical stress on durability. In: da Silva, L., Öchsner, A., Adams, R. (eds.) Handbook of Adhesion Technology, pp. 789–822. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Bordes, M., Davies, P., Cognard, J., Sohier, L., Sauvant-Moynot, V., Galy, J.: Prediction of long term strength of adhesively bonded steel/epoxy joints in sea water. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 29, 595–608 (2009)
Bowditch, M.: The durability of adhesive joints in the presence of water. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 16, 73–79 (1996)
Budhe, S., Ghumatkar, A., Birajdar, N., Banea, M.: Effect of surface roughness using different adherend materials on the adhesive bond strength. Appl. Adhes. Sci. 3, 20 (2015)
Calvez, P., Bistac, S., Brogly, M., Richard, J., Verchère, D.: Mechanisms of interfacial degradation of epoxy adhesive/galvanized steel assemblies: relevance to durability. J. Adhes. 88, 145–170 (2012)
Comym, J.: Environmental (durability) effects. In: Adams, R. (ed.) Adhesive Bonding: Science, Technology and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2005)
Critchlow, G.: Surface treatments for moisture resistance. In: Silva, L., Sato, C. (eds.) Design of Adhesive Joints Under Humid Conditions, pp. 53–68. Springer, Berlin (2013)
Damico, D.: Reactive acrylic adhesives. In: Pizzi, A., Mittal, K. (eds.) Handbook of adhesive technology, pp. 747–760. M. Dekker, New York (2003)
Davis, J.: Aluminum and aluminum alloys. In: Davis, J. (ed.) Alloying: Understanding the Basics, pp. 351–416. ASM International, Materials Park (2001)
Davis, G.: Surface treatments of selected materials. In: da Silva, L., Andreas, Ö., Adams, R. (eds.) Handbook of Adhesion Technology, pp. 147–177. Springer, Berlin (2011)
European Organisation for Technical Approval (EOTA): ETAG002. (2012). http://www.sgpstandard.cz/editor/files/stav_vyr/dok_es/eta/etag/002_1_en.pdf
Haldimann, M., Luible, A., Overend, M.: Structural Use of Glass. IABSE-AIPC-IVBH, Zürich (2008)
Hartung, I., Boehm, S.: Civil construction. In: da Silva, L., Öchsner, A., Adams, R. (eds.) Handbook of Adhesion Technology, pp. 1263–1288. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Heshmati, M., Haghani, R., Al-Emrani, M.: Environmental durability of adhesively bonded FRP/steel joints in civil engineering applications: state of the art. Compos. B Eng. 81, 259–275 (2015)
Kwakernaak, A., Hofstede, J., Poulis, J., Benedictus, R.: Improvements in bonding metals (steel, aluminium). In: Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding, pp. 185–236 (2010)
Loh, W., Crocombe, A., Wahab, M., Watts, J., Ashcroft, I.: The effect of moisture on the failure locus and fracture energy of an epoxy–steel interface. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 16, 1407–1429 (2002)
Meguid, S., Wernik, J., Al Jahwari, F.: Toughening mechanisms in multiphase nanocomposites. Int. J. Mech. Mater. Des. 9, 115–125 (2013)
Mubashar, A., Ashcroft, I., Critchlow, G., Crocombe, A.: Moisture absorption–desorption effects in adhesive joints. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 29, 751–760 (2009)
Nhamoinesu, S., Overend, M.: The mechanical performance of adhesives for a steel-glass composite façade system. In: Challenging Glass 3—Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications of Glass, pp. 293–306. IOS Press BV, Amsterdam (2012)
Oikonomopoulou, F., Veer, F., Nijsse, R., Baardolf, K.: A completely transparent, adhesively bonded soda-lime glass block masonry system. J. Facade Des. Eng. 2(3–4), 201–221 (2015)
Petrie, E.: Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants. McGraw-Hill, New York (2009)
Petrie, E.: How moisture affects adhesives, sealants, and coatings. Met. Finish. 109, 36–48 (2011)
Prefa: Adhesive Bonding Holds Better—The Façade Highlight in the “Ländle”. (2018). https://uk.prefa.com/news/all/adhesive-bonding-holds-better-the-facade-highlight-in-the-laendle/
Qualanod. (2013). http://www.qualanod.net
Schittich, C.: Glass Construction Manual. Birkhäuser, Basel (2007)
Sika AG: SikaFast SikaFast_PDS_Alpha. (2018). https://can.sika.com/en/solutions-and-products/document-download/SikaFast_PDS_Alpha.html
Van Lancker, B., Dispersyn, J., De Corte, W., Belis, J.: Durability of adhesive glass–metal connections for structural applications. Eng. Struct. 126, 237–251 (2016)
Vervloed, J., Kwakernaak, A., Poulis, H.: The influence of overlap length, bond line thickness and pretreatment on the mechanical properties of adhesives: focusing on bonding glass. In: Challenging Glass—Conference on Architectural and Structural Applications of Glass, pp. 285–294. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2008)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the funding by the Czech Science Foundation, under the Grant GAČR 16-17461S. In addition, the authors are grateful to the COST Action 1403-Adaptive Facades Network, for the added value to the international dissemination and outreach of the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Machalická, K., Vokáč, M., Kostelecká, M. et al. Structural behavior of double-lap shear adhesive joints with metal substrates under humid conditions. Int J Mech Mater Des 15, 61–76 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-018-9404-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-018-9404-y