Abstract
Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common, often co-occur, and are associated with poor health outcomes across the life course. Emerging research has emphasized the lasting consequences of ACEs across generations, suggesting parental ACEs are associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes in children. However, the individual effects of fathers’ ACEs and pathways of transmission remain unclear. A scoping review was conducted to summarize the current knowledgebase of the intergenerational consequences of parental ACEs on offspring health, clarify pathways of transmission, understand how ACEs are operationalized in the intergenerational literature, and identify gaps in knowledge.
Methods
Six electronic databases were searched for articles published in English from 1995 to 2022 relating to the long-term consequences of parental ACEs on offspring physical and mental health. Articles underwent title, abstract, and full-text review by two investigators. Content analysis was performed to integrate findings across the included studies.
Results
The search yielded 14,542 unique articles; 49 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-six articles focused exclusively on mothers, one solely on fathers, and 12 included both mothers and fathers in their analyses. Six studies used an expanded definition of ACEs. Both direct and indirect associations between parental ACEs and poor offspring outcomes were identified, primarily through biological and psychosocial pathways.
Conclusions
Findings underscore the importance and oversight of fathers and the need to solidify a unified definition and measure of ACEs. This review identified modifiable protective factors (social support, father involvement) and pathways of transmission (parental mental health, parenting); both having important implications for intervention development.
Significance
What is known on this subject? Recently, research has highlighted the intergenerational consequences of parental ACEs on offspring physical and mental health outcomes with a primary focus on mothers. Maternal exposure to ACEs is associated with poor offspring behavioral, mental and physical health, and developmental outcomes.
What the study adds? This review extends prior literature by summarizing the nascent research on paternal ACEs, pathways of transmission, and suggesting the transmission of maternal ACEs to offspring outcomes is observed across a wide range of health outcomes and ACEs.
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Data Availability
Upon request.
Code Availability
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Grafft conceptualized the study, participated in all 5 stages of the scoping review, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Lo participated in the abstract and full text review and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Easton and Pineros-Leano conceptualized the study and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Davison conceptualized the study, restructured portions of the manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript.
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Grafft, N., Lo, B., Easton, S.D. et al. Maternal and Paternal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Offspring Health and Wellbeing: A Scoping Review. Matern Child Health J 28, 52–66 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03825-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03825-y