Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Price of Pre-adolescent Abuse: Effects of Sexual Abuse on Perinatal Depression and Anxiety

  • Published:
Maternal and Child Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Childhood abuse is a major public health concern and a risk factor for subsequent poor maternal mental health. This study of 176 racially diverse women explored the associations between the histories of childhood sexual abuse and depression and anxiety during pregnancy, at six weeks postpartum, and 12 weeks postpartum.

Methods

Data on depressive and anxiety symptoms were gathered during pregnancy, at six weeks postpartum, and 12 weeks postpartum. Sociodemographic data were collected during pregnancy, while data on childhood sexual abuse were gathered during the 12-week postpartum period. Bivariate analyses and repeated mixed-effects linear regression with bootstrapping were used to assess the association between childhood sexual abuse and perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Results

Childhood sexual abuse was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β = 2.52, 95% CI 1.72, 3.32, p < .001) and anxiety symptoms (β = 4.44, 95% CI 3.70, 5.81, p < .001) over time, while controlling for demographic characteristics and lifetime major depression and anxiety. Depressive and anxiety symptoms decreased over the perinatal period and were highest during pregnancy. Black women were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms (β = 1.35, 95% CI 0.51, 2.19, p = .002) and anxiety symptoms (β = 3.29 95% CI 1.72, 4.87, p < .001) over time compared to White women.

Discussion

The results highlight the importance of assessing the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse on perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms to help inform the development of interventions for women, particularly Black women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvarez-Segura, M., Garcia-Esteve, L., Torres, A., Plaza, A., Imaz, M. L., Hermida-Barros, L., et al. (2014). Are women with a history of abuse more vulnerable to perinatal depressive symptoms? A systematic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 17(5), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0440-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amodeo, M., Griffin, M. L., Fassler, I. R., Clay, C. M., & Ellis, M. A. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse among black women and white women from two-parent families. Child Maltreatment, 11(3), 237–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict, M. I., Paine, L. L., Paine, L. A., Brandt, D., & Stallings, R. (1999). The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23(7), 659–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00040-X.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. H., Rush, A. J., Yonkers, K., Carmody, T. J., Woo, A., McConnell, K., & Trivedi, M. H. (2008). Symptom features of postpartum depression Are they distinct? Depression and Anxiety, 25(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2016). Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 191, 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Black, M., Basile, K., Breiding, M., Smith, S., Walters, M., Merrick, M., Chen, J., & Stevens, M. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf

  • Bonacquisti, A., Geller, P. A., & Aaron, E. (2014). Rates and predictors of prenatal depression in women living with and without HIV. AIDS Care, 26(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.802277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • California Health Care Foundation. (2018 ). Listening to mothers in California: maternal mental health. California Health Care Foundation. https://www.chcf.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/08/ListeningMothersMentalHealth2018.pdf

  • Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression Development of the 10-item edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, S. J., Krist, A. H., Owens, D. K., Barry, M. J., Caughey, A. B., Davidson, K. W., et al. (2019). Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA, 321(6), 580–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, A. K., Olfson, M., McCurtis, H. L., & Weissman, M. M. (2006). Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment. Journal of Family Practice, 55(1), 30–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolbier, C., Rush, T., Sahadeo, L., Shaffer, M., & Thorp, J. (2013). Relationships of race and socioeconomic status to postpartum depressive symptoms in rural African American and non-Hispanic White women. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 17(7), 1277–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1123-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiyi, C., Rankin, K., Norr, K., Shapiro, N., & White-Traut, R. (2012). Anxiety among Black and Latina mothers of premature infants at social-environmental risk. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 12(3), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2012.06.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahey, J. O. (2017). Best practices in management of postpartum pain. The Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 31(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbrother, N., Young, A. H., Janssen, P., Antony, M. M., & Tucker, E. (2015). Depression and anxiety during the perinatal period. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0526-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 19(2), 169–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortuna, L. R., Noroña, C. R., Porche, M. V., Tillman, C., Patil, P. A., Wang, Y., et al. (2019). Trauma, immigration, and sexual health among Latina women: Implications for maternal–child well-being and reproductive justice. Infant Mental Health Journal, 40(5), 640–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005). Perinatal depression A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106, 1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaynes, B. N., Gavin, N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Lohr, K. N., Swinson, T., Gartlehner, G., et al. (2005). Perinatal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes: Summary. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US): In AHRQ evidence report summaries.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geier, M. L., Hills, N., Gonzales, M., Tum, K., & Finley, P. R. (2015). Detection and treatment rates for perinatal depression in a state medicaid population. CNS Spectrums, 20(1), 11–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, K.-A., McMahon, C., & Austin, M.-P. (2008). Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108(1–2), 101–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grote, N. K., Spieker, S. J., Lohr, M. J., Geibel, S. L., Swartz, H. A., Frank, E., et al. (2012). Impact of childhood trauma on the outcomes of a perinatal depression trial. Depression and Anxiety, 29(7), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21929.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heron, J., O’Connor, T. G., Evans, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2004). The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(1), 65–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirth, J. M., & Berenson, A. B. (2012). Racial/ethnic differences in depressive symptoms among young women: The role of intimate partner violence, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Women’s Health, 21(9), 966–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, E. A., Balbierz, A., Wang, J., Parides, M., Zlotnick, C., & Leventhal, H. (2012). Reducing postpartum depressive symptoms among black and Latina mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 119, 942–949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M. J., Broidy, L., Mazerolle, P., & Baird, K. (2018). Does the type of maltreatment matter? Assessing the individual and combined effects of multiple forms of childhood maltreatment on exclusive breastfeeding behavior. Child Abuse and Neglect, 86, 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julian, L. J. (2011) Measures of Anxiety. Arthritis Care & Research, 11(0 11): S467-S472. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20561

  • Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2007). Violence against women and the perinatal period - The impact of lifetime violence and abuse on pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8, 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007304406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, C., Kadriu, B., Lanzenberger, R., Zarate, C. A., Jr., & Kasper, S. (2019). Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, W. H., Wilson, T. E., Holman, S., Fuentes-Afflick, E., O’Sullivan, M. J., & Minkoff, H. (2004). Depressive symptoms in the immediate postpartum period among Hispanic women in three US cities. Journal of Immigrant Health, 6(4), 145–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, A. J., Laffaye, C., Satz, L. E., McQuaid, J. R., Malcarne, V. L., Dresselhaus, T. R., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationships among childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and health in female veterans in primary care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(11), 1281–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, M., Navarrete, L., Nieto, L., & Huynh-Nhu, L. (2015). Childhood abuse increases the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms and history of suicidal behavior in Mexican pregnant women. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 37(3), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lara, M. A., Le, H.-N., Letechipia, G., & Hochhausen, L. (2009). Prenatal depression in Latinas in the US and Mexico. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(4), 567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara-Cinisomo, S., D’Anna-Hernandez, K., Fujimoto, E. M., & Pedersen, C. A. (2019). Exploring associations between perinatal depression, anxiety, and urinary oxytocin levels in Latinas. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 22(4), 447–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lara-Cinisomo, S., Zhu, K., Fei, K., Bu, Y., Weston, A., & Ravat, U. (2018). Traumatic events: Exploring associations with maternal depression, infant bonding, and oxytocin in Latina mothers. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0520-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leserman, J., Drossman, D. A., & Li, Z. (1995). The reliability and validity of a sexual and physical abuse history questionnaire in female patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Behavioral Medicine, 21(3), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.1995.9933752.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leserman, J., Drossman, D. A., Toomey, T. C., Li, Z., Nachman, G., & Glogau, L. (1996). Sexual and physical abuse history in gastroenterology practice: How types of abuse impact health status. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199601000-00002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leserman, J., Drossman, D. A., Toomey, T. C., Li, Z., Nachman, G., & Glogau, L. (1997). Impact of sexual and physical abuse dimensions on health status: Development of an abuse severity measure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59(2), 152–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leserman, J., Pence, B. W., Whetten, K., Mugavero, M. J., Thielman, N. M., Swartz, M. S., & Stangl, D. (2007). Relation of lifetime trauma and depressive symptoms to mortality in HIV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(11), 1707–1713. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Wiesel, R., Daphna-Tekoah, S., & Hallak, M. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of birth-related posttraumatic stress and postpartum posttraumatic stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(12), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Long, Z., Cao, D., & Cao, F. (2017). Maternal history of child maltreatment and maternal depression risk in the perinatal period: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 192–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martini, J., Petzoldt, J., Einsle, F., Beesdo-Baum, K., Höfler, M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2015). Risk factors and course patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective-longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 385–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthey, S., Henshaw, C., Elliott, S., & Barnett, B. (2006). Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Implications for clinical and research practice. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 9(6), 309–315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer-Brody, S. (2011). New insights into perinatal depression: Pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 13(1), 89–100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181972/

  • Melville, J. L., Gavin, A., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y., & Katon, W. J. (2010). Depressive disorders during pregnancy: Prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 116(5), 1064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muzik, M., Bocknek, E. L., Broderick, A., Richardson, P., Rosenblum, K. L., Thelen, K., & Seng, J. S. (2013). Mother–infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: The primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 16(1), 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, H. F., Wyatt, G. E., Ullman, J. B., Loeb, T. B., Chin, D., Prause, N., et al. (2015). Cumulative burden of lifetime adversities: Trauma and mental health in low-SES African Americans and Latino/as. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasreen, H. E., Kabir, Z. N., Forsell, Y., & Edhborg, M. (2011). Prevalence and associated factors of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: A population based study in rural Bangladesh. BMC Women’s Health, 11(1), 22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negele, A., Kaufhold, J., Kallenbach, L., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2015). Childhood trauma and its relation to chronic depression in adulthood. Depression Research and Treatment.

  • Oribhabor, G. I., Nelson, M. L., Buchanan-Peart, K.-A. R., & Cancarevic, I. (2020). A mother's cry: A race to eliminate the influence of racial disparities on maternal morbidity and mortality rates among Black women in America. Cureus, 12(7).

  • Pedersen, C., Leserman, J., Garcia, N., Stansbury, M., Meltzer-Brody, S., & Johnson, J. (2016). Late pregnancy thyroid-binding globulin predicts perinatal depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 65, 84–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piedra, L. M., Andrade, F. C., Hernandez, R., Boughton, S. W., Trejo, L., & Sarkisian, C. A. (2017). The influence of exercise on cognitive function in older Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the “i Caminemos!” study. The Gerontologist, 57(6), 1072–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plaza, A., Garcia-Esteve, L., Torres, A., Ascaso, C., Gelabert, E., Luisa Imaz, M., et al. (2012). Childhood physical abuse as a common risk factor for depression and thyroid dysfunction in the earlier postpartum. Psychiatry Research, 200, 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polmanteer, R. S. R., Brownstein-Evans, C., & Keefe, R. H. (2018). Trauma-informed care with women diagnosed with postpartum depression: A conceptual framework. Social Work in Health Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2018.1535464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prady, S. L., Pickett, K. E., Croudace, T., Bloor, K., Gilbody, S., Fairley, L., et al. (2013). Psychological distress during pregnancy in a multi-ethnic community: Findings from the born in bradford cohort study. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060693.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Racine, N., Madigan, S., Plamondon, A., Hetherington, E., McDonald, S., & Tough, S. (2018). Maternal adverse childhood experiences and antepartum risks: The moderating role of social support. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 21(6), 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0826-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich-Edwards, J. W., Kleinman, K., Abrams, A., Harlow, B. L., McLaughlin, T. J., Joffe, H., & Gillman, M. W. (2006). Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(3), 221–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson-Blackmore, E., Putnam, F. W., Rubinow, D. R., Matthieu, M., Hunn, J. E., Putnam, K. T., et al. (2013). Antecedent trauma exposure and risk of depression in the perinatal period. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(10), e942–e948. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez, M., Valentine, J. M., Son, J. B., & Muhammad, M. (2009). Intimate partner violence and barriers to mental health care for ethnically diverse populations of women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(4), 358–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana, V. A., Lukose, A., & Srinivasan, K. (2011). Maternal mental health in pregnancy and child behavior. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(4), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.91911.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shakeel, N., Eberhard-Gran, M., Sletner, L., Slinning, K., Martinsen, E. W., Holme, I., & Jenum, A. K. (2015). A prospective cohort study of depression in pregnancy, prevalence and risk factors in a multi-ethnic population. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamblaw, A. L., Cardy, R. E., Prost, E., & Harkness, K. L. (2018). Abuse as a risk factor for prenatal depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(2), 199–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sit, D. K. Y., & Wisner, K. L. (2009). Identification of postpartum depression. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(3), 456–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P., & Jacobs, G. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory Consulting Psychologists Press. CA: Palo Alto.

    Google Scholar 

  • StataCorp. (2017). Stata Statistical Software: . College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC, Release 15.

  • Tandon, S. D., Cluxton-Keller, F., Leis, J., Le, H.-N., & Perry, D. F. (2012). A comparison of three screening tools to identify perinatal depression among low-income African American women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(1–2), 155–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Techakasem, P., & Kolkijkovin, V. (2001). Comparison between physical and sexual abuse of children in BMA medical college and Vajira hospital. International Medical Journal.

  • Ulibarri, M. D., Ulloa, E. C., & Camacho, L. (2009). Prevalence of sexually abusive experiences in childhood and adolescence among a community sample of Latinas: A descriptive study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(4), 405–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wisner, K. L., Sit, D. K., McShea, M. C., Rizzo, D. M., Zoretich, R. A., Hughes, C. L., et al. (2013). Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(5), 490–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wosu, A. C., Gelaye, B., & Williams, M. A. (2015). History of childhood sexual abuse and risk of prenatal and postpartum depression or depressive symptoms: An epidemiologic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 18(5), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0533-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas, L. H., Jankowski, K. R., & McKee, M. D. (2003). Prenatal and postpartum depression among low-income Dominican and Puerto Rican women. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(3), 370–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Y., Cui, Y., & Li, J. (2015). Prevalence and predictors of antenatal depressive symptoms among Chinese women in their third trimester: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the College of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for their support. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Cort Pedersen for access to the data and Dr. Flavia Andrade for her support and review of earlier versions of the manuscript. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Sa Shen for providing statistical consultation. 

Funding

This study was funded by National Institute of Mental Health (Cort Pedersen, PI, Grant Number MH077838-01A2).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences, Department of Human Development & Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 222 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, 61801, IL, USA

    Tanitoluwa Demilade Akinbode

  2. Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA

    Cort Pedersen

  3. College of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 S. Fourth St, Champaign, 61820, IL, USA

    Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo

Authors
  1. Tanitoluwa Demilade Akinbode
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cort Pedersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tanitoluwa Demilade Akinbode.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akinbode, T.D., Pedersen, C. & Lara-Cinisomo, S. The Price of Pre-adolescent Abuse: Effects of Sexual Abuse on Perinatal Depression and Anxiety. Matern Child Health J 25, 1083–1093 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03088-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03088-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation