Abstract
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has the power to indicate provisional measures to preserve the rights of the States. States resorting to provisional measures as a first line of defence has recently increased exponentially. One of the requirements for rendering provisional measure is ‘plausibility’, which got its inception courtesy the separate opinion of Judge Abraham in the Pulp Mills case (2009). Lately, provisional measures orders have been invoked through human rights treaties. However, the surge in requests for provisional measures has also resulted in the ICJ setting out inconsistent plausibility standards. Additionally, the late Brazilian Judge Cancado Trindade endorsed ‘human vulnerability’ as the standard test in provisional measures orders over plausibility. In this article, the author comprehensively analyses the ‘plausibility test’ in human rights cases and argues that the ICJ has adopted an inconsistent approach to interpreting plausibility standards. The author also recommends balancing human vulnerability with plausibility in human rights cases to indicate provisional measures.
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Notes
Statute of the International Court of Justice. https://www.icj-cij.org/statute.
LaGrand Case, Merits, ICJ Reports 2001, 466, 502, para. 100.
Separate Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen in Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), p. 36. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/86/086-19910729-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 28 May 2009, p. 57. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/144/144-20090528-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), p. 16. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/144/144-20090528-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
See, Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), pp. 36–44. https://www.icjcij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Case, Concerning Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 29 July 1991, p. 21. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/86/086-19910729-ORD-02-00-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen in Case, Concerning Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 29 July 1991, p. 28. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/86/086-19910729-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Abraham in Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 13 July 2006, p. 139. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/135/135-20060713-ORD-01-02-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Abraham, https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/144/144-20120720-JUD-01-02-EN.pdf.
Certain Activities Carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 8 March 2011, p. 17. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/150/150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 8 March 2011, p. 17. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/150/150-20110308-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 18 July 2011, p.13. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/151/151-20110718-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) Request Presented by Nicaragua for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 13 December 2013, p. 9. https://www.icjcij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/152/152-20131213-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Jadhav Case (India v. Pakistan) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 18 May 2017, p. 16. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/168/168-20170518-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Questions Relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor‑Leste v. Australia) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 3 March 2014, p. 10. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/156/156-20140303-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 19 April 2017. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 10. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 16. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 9. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 11. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 18. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 37. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
UN doc. A/RES/73/264, 22 December 2018, paras. 1–2.
Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), 16 March 2022, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 18, para. 43).
Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), 16 March 2023, p. 12. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Ibid.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Approved and proposed for signature and ratification or accession by General Assembly resolution 260 A (III) of 9 December 1948 Entry into force: 12 January 1951, in accordance with article XIII. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 221, para. 430).
Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention And Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), 16th March 2023, p.2. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Lando, M. (n.d). The gift that keeps on giving: The ICJ’s Orders on Provisional Measures in the Cases between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore. https://cil.nus.edu.sg/the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving-the-icjs-orders-on-provisional-measures-in-the-cases-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan-by-massimo-lando/.
Ibid.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf in Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 7 December 2021, p. 7. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20211207-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf in Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 7 December 2021, p. 9. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/180/180-20211207-ORD-01-01-BI.pdf.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf in Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 7 December 2021, p. 9. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20211207-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 19 April 2017, p. 83. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the Gambia v. Myanmar) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 23 January 2020, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 16 March 2022, p.50. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ord-01-00-en.pdf.
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan) Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures Order of 7 December 2021, p. 59. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20211207-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, in Ukraine v Russia, p. 13. https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/166/19400.pdf.
Case of Varnava and Others v. Turkey, (Applications nos. 16064/90, 16065/90, 16066/90, 16068/90, 16069/90, 16070/90, 16071/90, 16072/90 and 16073/90), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#%7B%22itemid%22:[%22001-94162%22]%7D.
A. v. United Kingdom (judgment of 23 September 1998), p. 22.
Ibid.
Case of Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium, (Application no. 13178/03), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/FRE#%7B%22itemid%22:[%22001-77447%22]%7D.
Case of M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, (Application no. 30696/09), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#%7B%22itemid%22:[%22001-103050%22]%7D.
Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community of the Enxet-Lengua people v Paraguay, Merits, reparations and costs, IACHR Series C No 146, IHRL 1530 (IACHR 2006), 29 March 2006, Inter-American Court of Human Rights [IACtHR], https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:ihrl/1530iachr06.case.1/law-ihrl-1530iachr06.
Separate Opinion of Judge Robinson in Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 2. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-04-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Robinson in Allegations of Genocide Under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 31. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ord-01-04-en.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Owada, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 20. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-01-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 12. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 14. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 17. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
IACtHR, case of Servellón Garcia et al. v. Honduras (judgment of 21 September 2006), para. 99; IACtHR, case of the Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay (judgment of 29 March 2006), Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, at p. 14.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 36. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 39. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 44. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), p. 71. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/166/166-20170419-ORD-01-03-EN.pdf.
Varnava and Others v. Turkey (judgment of 10 January 2008), para. 137.
ECHR (judgment of 10 May 2001), para. 224.
ECHR/Grand Chamber (judgment of 21 January 2011, paras. 232–233 and 258–259.
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Ms. Richa Maria Reginald for the Research Assistance and International Law Commission Member Prof. Dire D Tladi for sharing his valuable scholarship.
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Alexander, A. Plausibility to Human Vulnerability or Both: Shifting Provisional Measures Standards in Human Rights Cases Before the International Court of Justice. Liverpool Law Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-023-09358-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-023-09358-2