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A Review of Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Anticancer Therapeutic Vaccines and Nanovaccines in Prostate Cancer

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Abstract

Immunotherapy is a critical component of treating various malignancies. So far, there have been numerous attempts to cure prostate cancer operating diverse types of immunotherapy. The raised numeral of myeloid-derived suppressor cells or regulatory T cells, the lack of cytotoxic T cells, reduced numbers of cancer antigens, a flaw in antigen presentation, and an immunosuppressive “cold tumor” microenvironment are the metiers that prostate cancer was known by them. However, there is hope that immunotherapeutic approaches will be improved in the future due to our expanding knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning interactions between tumors and the immune system. This review aims to provide an overview of the immune response, tumor microenvironment, and present level and future trends of expanding prostate cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, it assesses current studies on developing peptide-based therapeutic cancer vaccines and Nano drugs for prostate cancer and looks for patterns that might usher the clinical implementation of these technologies.

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Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Ali Khezrian & Yasin Parvizi

  2. Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

    Mazaher Ahmadi

  3. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Pooneh Mokarram

  4. Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Pooneh Mokarram

  5. Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Saeid Afshar

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  1. Ali Khezrian
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  2. Mazaher Ahmadi
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  4. Saeid Afshar
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  5. Yasin Parvizi
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AK collected the data. AK,MA,PM,YP ,and SA wrote the manuscript in consultation with all authors.

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Correspondence to Saeid Afshar.

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Khezrian, A., Ahmadi, M., Mokarram, P. et al. A Review of Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Anticancer Therapeutic Vaccines and Nanovaccines in Prostate Cancer. Int J Pept Res Ther 29, 70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-023-10542-1

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